Neurohormonal control of gastrointestinal blood flow

Jodal, Mats; Lundgren, Ove

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp060146

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 328 publications

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“…In most experiments, it is not possible to determine whether vasodilation is due to a direct vascular action of cholinergic neurons in addition to a functional hyperemia consequent on the increased secretion [108]. However, centrally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates a vagal pathway in the rat that causes gastric vasodilation after acid secretion is blocked by omeprazole, suggesting a direct vasodilator pathway [109].…”

Section: Gastric Vasodilator Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control

Furness

Callaghan

Rivera

et al. 2014

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

629

648

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The digestive system is innervated through its connections with the central nervous system (CNS) and by the enteric nervous system (ENS) within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The ENS works in concert with CNS reflex and command centers and with neural pathways that pass through sympathetic ganglia to control digestive function. There is bidirectional information flow between the ENS and CNS and between the ENS and sympathetic prevertebral ganglia.The ENS in human contains 200-600 million neurons, distributed in many thousands of small ganglia, the great majority of which are found in two plexuses, the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. The myenteric plexus forms a continuous network that extends from the upper esophagus to the internal anal sphincter. Submucosal ganglia and connecting fiber bundles form plexuses in the small and large intestines, but not in the stomach and esophagus. The connections between the ENS and CNS are carried by the vagus and pelvic nerves and sympathetic pathways. Neurons also project from the ENS to prevertebral ganglia, the gallbladder, pancreas and trachea.The relative roles of the ENS and CNS differ considerably along the digestive tract. Movements of the striated muscle esophagus are determined by neural pattern generators in the CNS. Likewise the CNS has a major role in monitoring the state of the stomach and, in turn, controlling its contractile activity and acid secretion, through vago-vagal reflexes. In contrast, the ENS in the small intestine and colon contains full reflex circuits, including sensory neurons, interneurons and several classes of motor neuron, through which muscle activity, transmucosal fluid fluxes, local blood flow and other functions are controlled. The CNS has control of defecation, via the defecation centers in the lumbosacral spinal cord. The importance of the ENS is emphasized by the life-threatening effects of some ENS neuropathies. By contrast, removal of vagal or sympathetic connections with the gastrointestinal tract has minor effects on GI function. Voluntary control of defecation is exerted through pelvic connections, but cutting these connections is not life-threatening and other functions are little affected.

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Section: Gastric Vasodilator Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control

Furness

Callaghan

Rivera

et al. 2014

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

629

648

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“…It is usually impossible to determine experimentally whether vasodilation is the result of a direct vascular action of cholinergic neurons, in addition to a functional hyperemia consequent to the increased secretion [108]. However, Thiefin and colleagues showed that centrally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulated a vagal pathway in the rat that caused gastric vasodilation after acid secretion was blocked by omeprazole [109].…”

Section: Gastric Vasodilator Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enteric Nervous System and Its Extrinsic Connections

Furness

Nguyen

Nurgali

et al. 2008

Textbook of Gastroenterology

111

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“…In view of the fact that gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow is thought to be regulated in part by the extrinsic nerve supply,16 17 we have postulated that assessment of mucosal blood flow may provide a quantitative measure of the level of activity of the nerves innervating the gut. We have used laser Doppler flowmetry to quantitate this.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Doppler flowmetry as a measure of extrinsic colonic innervation in functional bowel disease

Emmanuel

Kamm²

2000

Gut

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Background-In functional disorders it is unknown whether disturbed function is due to an intrinsic gut abnormality or altered extrinsic innervation. Aims-To study whether measurement of mucosal blood flow could be used as a quantitative direct measure of gut extrinsic nerve autonomic activity in patients with idiopathic constipation. Methods-Seventy two patients with idiopathic constipation and 26 healthy volunteers had rectal mucosal blood flow measurements by a laser Doppler flowmetry probe applied 10 cm from the anus. Measurements were made at rest and after inhaled placebo and ipratropium 40 µg. Results-Constipated subjects had lower baseline rectal blood flow than controls. Patients with slow transit had lower mucosal blood flow than normal transit. The number of retained markers on x ray was inversely correlated with blood flow. Ipratropium reduced blood flow compared with placebo, reduced it less in constipated patients than controls, and reduced it less in patients with slow compared with normal transit. Constipated patients, not controls, showed a significantly attenuated RR interval (the interval between successive R waves on the ECG) variability, and blood flow correlated with vagal function. Conclusions-Laser Doppler mucosal flowmetry is a gut specific, quantitative measure of extrinsic autonomic nerve activity. The technique has shown that patients with idiopathic constipation have impaired extrinsic gut nerve activity, and this is more notable in those with slow transit. The degree of slow transit correlates with the degree of impaired extrinsic innervation. (Gut 2000;46:212-217)

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Neurohormonal control of gastrointestinal blood flow

Cited by 15 publications

References 328 publications

The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control

The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control

The Enteric Nervous System and Its Extrinsic Connections

Laser Doppler flowmetry as a measure of extrinsic colonic innervation in functional bowel disease

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