Neuroglia — development and role in physiological and pathophysiological processes

Cichorek, M; Kowiański, Przemysław; Lietzau, Grażyna; Lasek, J; Moryś, J

doi:10.5603/fm.a2021.0109

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Early studies pointed towards a dipole of reactive astrocytes, with distinct genetic signatures, called A1 and A2 [6,30,37,45]. The A1 type was considered noxious, induced by activated microglia and producing proinflammatory molecules such as interleukin 1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which can abrogate the differentiation and proliferation of OPCs [6,40,46]. On the other hand, the A2 type, induced by ischemia, was considered neuroprotective [6,45].…”

Section: Pro-inflammatory C3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diversity of Astrocyte Activation during Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Cellular Targets for Novel Disease Modifying Therapeutics

et al. 2023

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Neuroglial cells, and especially astrocytes, constitute the most varied group of central nervous system (CNS) cells, displaying substantial diversity and plasticity during development and in disease states. The morphological changes exhibited by astrocytes during the acute and chronic stages following CNS injury can be characterized more precisely as a dynamic continuum of astrocytic reactivity. Different subpopulations of reactive astrocytes may be ascribed to stages of degenerative progression through their direct pathogenic influence upon neurons, neuroglia, the blood-brain barrier, and infiltrating immune cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) constitutes an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. Despite the previously held notion that reactive astrocytes purely form the structured glial scar in MS plaques, their continued multifaceted participation in neuroinflammatory outcomes and oligodendrocyte and neuronal function during chronicity, suggest that they may be an integral cell type that can govern the pathophysiology of MS. From a therapeutic-oriented perspective, astrocytes could serve as key players to limit MS progression, once the integral astrocyte–MS relationship is accurately identified. This review aims toward delineating the current knowledge, which is mainly focused on immunomodulatory therapies of the relapsing–remitting form, while shedding light on uncharted approaches of astrocyte-specific therapies that could constitute novel, innovative applications once the role of specific subgroups in disease pathogenesis is clarified.

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Section: Pro-inflammatory C3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diversity of Astrocyte Activation during Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Cellular Targets for Novel Disease Modifying Therapeutics

et al. 2023

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“…Astrocyte (A1-phenotype astrocytes) also plays a critical role in producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and activating immune cells (Cichorek et al, 2021). It also plays a variety of roles in the CNS, such as regulating glucose metabolism, reuptaking glutamate, growth of synapses, and maintaining homeostasis of the blood-brain barrier (Colombo and Farina, 2016).…”

Section: Gliamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism and Function of Glia in Parkinson's Disease

Zhang

Awan

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects elderly people. The mechanism on onset and progression of PD is unknown. Currently, there are no effective treatment strategies for PD. PD is thought to be the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but it has recently been discovered that glia also affects brain tissue homeostasis, defense, and repair in PD. The neurodegenerative process is linked to both losses of glial supportive-defensive functions and toxic gain of glial functions. In this article, we reviewed the roles of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the development of PD, as well as the potential use of glia-related medications in PD treatment.

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“…Neuroglia constitute a diverse group of cells within the CNS, comprising astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells [3]. While neurons are traditionally considered the primary functional units of the nervous system, neuroglia provide crucial support, maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the neural environment [3]. A comprehensive representation of all the various types of neuroglial cells is presented in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Neuroglia in Administrating Nerve Blockers and Anesthesia to Patients

Patel,

Al-Bahou,

Thakkar

et al. 2024

Neuroglia

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Dysfunction of the neuroglia can have profound consequences on the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Studies have shown that the disruption of astrocytic–endothelial interaction can compromise the permeability of BBB and its effectiveness in selectively regulating the exchange of substances. Microglia have recently been recognized to have a significant role in the initiation of chronic pain and in its interactions with various nerve blockers and anesthetic agents. Microglia have a role in pain resolution via a pathway that involves Cannabinoid receptor type 2 activation and MAP kinase phosphorylation. Understanding the role of these cells in the context of neuropathic pain and neurological disorders can aid in improving clinical outcomes and the challenging nature of managing pain. Advancing studies have proposed pharmacological and genetic modulation of microglia as a potential treatment option for patients with chronic pain.

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Neuroglia — development and role in physiological and pathophysiological processes

Abstract: This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Folia Morphologica" are listed in PubMed.

Cited by 7 publications

References 83 publications

The Diversity of Astrocyte Activation during Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Cellular Targets for Novel Disease Modifying Therapeutics

The Diversity of Astrocyte Activation during Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Cellular Targets for Novel Disease Modifying Therapeutics

The Mechanism and Function of Glia in Parkinson's Disease

The Role of Neuroglia in Administrating Nerve Blockers and Anesthesia to Patients

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