Neuroglia and their roles in central respiratory control; an overview

Funk, Gregory D.; Rajani, Vishaal; Alvares, Tucaauê S.; Revill, Ann L.; Zhang, Yong; Chu, Nathan; Biancardi, Vivian; Taxini, Camila L.; Katzell, Alexis; Reklow, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.010

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…Glial cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, are present in respiratory centers of the brainstem surrounding neural synapses and neighboring blood vessels, and glial cells influence neuronal transmission and central respiratory control (Erlichman et al, 2010; Funk et al, 2015; Huxtable et al, 2010). For example, astrocytes residing in central chemoreceptor areas of the brainstem are chemosensitive and respond to physiological decreases in pH (Kasymov et al, 2013; Gourine et al, 2010).…”

Section: Cns Inflammation and Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of inflammation on respiratory plasticity

Hocker

Stokes

Powell

et al. 2017

Experimental Neurology

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Breathing is a vital homeostatic behavior and must be precisely regulated throughout life. Clinical conditions commonly associated with inflammation, undermine respiratory function may involve plasticity in respiratory control circuits to compensate and maintain adequate ventilation. Alternatively, other clinical conditions may evoke maladaptive plasticity. Yet, we have only recently begun to understand the effects of inflammation on respiratory plasticity. Here we review some of common models used to investigate the effects of inflammation and discuss the impact of inflammation on nociception, chemosensory plasticity, medullary respiratory centers, motor plasticity in motor neurons and respiratory frequency, and adaptation to high altitude. We provide new data suggesting glial cells contribute to CNS inflammatory gene expression after 24 hours of sustained hypoxia and inflammation induced by 8 hours of intermittent hypoxia inhibits long-term facilitation of respiratory frequency. We also discuss how inflammation can have opposite effects on the capacity for plasticity, whereby it is necessary for increases in the hypoxic ventilatory response with sustained hypoxia but inhibits phrenic long term facilitation after intermittent hypoxia. This review highlights gaps in our knowledge about the effects of inflammation on respiratory control (development, age, and sex differences). In summary, data to date suggest plasticity can be either adaptive or maladaptive and understanding how inflammation alters the respiratory system is crucial for development of better therapeutic interventions to promote breathing and for utilization of plasticity as a clinical treatment.

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Section: Cns Inflammation and Neuroplasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of inflammation on respiratory plasticity

Hocker

Stokes

Powell

et al. 2017

Experimental Neurology

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“…In the mammalian respiratory network, there is ample evidence that aside from their well-known role in maintaining network homeostasis [83], glia are critical for enhancing the system’s responsiveness to pH, PCO 2 and PO 2 [84 •• ,85 • ,86]. There is increasing awareness that central neuronal networks are hypoxia sensitive [43], which may critically depend on glial cells [85 • ,86].…”

Section: The Role Of Glia In the Generation Of Rhythmic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcircuits in respiratory rhythm generation: commonalities with other rhythm generating networks and evolutionary perspectives

Ramirez

Dashevskiy²,

Marlin³

et al. 2016

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

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Rhythmicity is critical for the generation of rhythmic behaviors and higher brain functions. This review discusses common mechanisms of rhythm generation, including the role of synaptic inhibition and excitation, with a focus on the mammalian respiratory network. This network generates three phases of breathing and is highly integrated with brain regions associated with numerous non-ventilatory behaviors. We hypothesize that during evolution multiple rhythmogenic microcircuits were recruited to accommodate the generation of each breathing phase. While these microcircuits relied primarily on excitatory mechanisms, synaptic inhibition became increasingly important to coordinate the different microcircuits and to integrate breathing into a rich behavioral repertoire that links breathing to sensory processing, arousal, and emotions as well as learning and memory.

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“…The hypoxic ventilatory response is mainly due to sensory afferent input from peripheral chemoreceptors, but significant contributions are proposed to come from central chemosensitive regions in mammals (Neubauer and Sunderram, 2004; Powell et al, 2009; Angelova et al, 2015; Funk et al, 2015; Gourine and Funk, 2017), such as the pre-Bötzinger Complex (Solomon, 2000; Solomon et al, 2000; Solomon, 2004, 2005; Pena and Ramirez, 2005; Hill et al, 2011), nucleus tractus solitarius (Pascual et al, 2002), and locus coeruleus (Nieber et al, 1995). Central hypoxic chemosensitivity may be due to hypoxia-induced changes in neuronal function ( e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolated adult turtle brainstems exhibit central hypoxic chemosensitivity

Bartman

Johnson

2018

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

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During hypoxia, red-eared slider turtles increase ventilation and decrease episodic breathing, but whether these responses are due to central mechanisms is not known. To test this question, isolated adult turtle brainstems were exposed to 240 min of hypoxic solution (bath PO = 32.6 ± 1.2 mmHg) and spontaneous respiratory-related motor bursts (respiratory event) were recorded on hypoglossal nerve roots. During hypoxia, burst frequency increased during the first 15 min, and then decreased during the remaining 35-240 min of hypoxia. Burst amplitude was maintained for 120 min, but then decreased during the last 120 min. The number of bursts/respiratory event decreased within 30 min and remained decreased. Pretreatment with either prazosin (α-adrenergic antagonist) or MDL7222 (5-HT antagonist) blocked the hypoxia-induced short-term increase and the longer duration decrease in burst frequency. MDL7222, but not prazosin, blocked the hypoxia-induced decrease in bursts/respiratory event. Thus, during bath hypoxia, isolated turtle brainstems continued to produce respiratory motor output, but the frequency and pattern were altered in a manner that required endogenous α-adrenergic and serotonin 5-HT receptor activation. This is the first example of isolated reptile brainstems exhibiting central hypoxic chemosensitivity similar to other vertebrate species.

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Neuroglia and their roles in central respiratory control; an overview

Cited by 36 publications

References 158 publications

The impact of inflammation on respiratory plasticity

The impact of inflammation on respiratory plasticity

Microcircuits in respiratory rhythm generation: commonalities with other rhythm generating networks and evolutionary perspectives

Isolated adult turtle brainstems exhibit central hypoxic chemosensitivity

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