Neurogenesis-independent antidepressant-like effects of enriched environment is dependent on adiponectin

Enriched environment decreases microglia and brain macrophages inflammatory phenotypes through adiponectin-dependent mechanisms: Relevance to depressive-like behavior

“…Indeed, Yau et al recently showed that the antidepressant effects of exercise would be dependent on ApN (Yau et al, 2014). In 2015, we conducted a study showing that some of the EE antidepressant effects were dependent on ApN (Nicolas et al, 2015). These results therefore identify ApN as an important player in the regulation of depressive-like behaviors in mice.…”

“…Very recently, we have shown that EE efficiently reverses anxiety/depressive-like state induced by long-term treatment of corticosterone. Moreover, we demonstrated that the adipokine Adiponectin (ApN) plays a crucial role in the neurogenesis-independent antidepressant effects of EE (Nicolas et al, 2015).…”

“…ApN acts by binding to its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, which are expressed in skeletal muscle, liver and in different areas of the central nervous system (CNS) such as cortex, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, amygdala and vascular endothelial cells of the brain (Liu et al, 2012;Fry et al, 2006;Kubota et al, 2007;Psilopanagioti et al, 2009;Qi et al, 2004;Spranger et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2011). Although 1000-fold less concentrated than in plasma, ApN has been shown to be present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rodents (Nicolas et al, 2015;Liu et al, 2012;Qi et al, 2004;Yau et al, 2014) and humans (Neumeier et al, 2007;Ebinuma et al, 2007). In humans, the correlation between plasma levels of ApN and depression has not been formally demonstrated.…”

“…injection produces antidepressant effects in normal or diabetic and obese mice (Liu et al, 2012). Interestingly, while plasma concentrations of ApN remained unchanged, CSF ApN levels are increased by physical activity and EE housing, leading to anxiolytic and antidepressant properties (Nicolas et al, 2015;Yau et al, 2014). Indeed, Yau et al recently showed that the antidepressant effects of exercise would be dependent on ApN (Yau et al, 2014).…”

Effects of environmental enrichment in aged mice on anxiety-like behaviors and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain

“…Consistent with previous studies, we observed an improvement in anxiety-like behaviors by EE. Previous studies have shown that EE improves affective behaviors such as depressive-and anxiety-like behaviors in aged mice [31,32]. In the runway test, which was used in this study, the most important marker of anxiety-like behaviors is the section traversed number [26].…”