Neurofeedback training improves attention and working memory performance

The Effect of Beta and Alpha Neurofeedback on Memory: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Clinical Trial

“…It seems that increases in these frequency ranges affect memory formation via shaping synaptic plasticity and coordinating the reactivation of memories (15). While beta and gamma neurofeedback training have not improved cognitive performance in older adults (19), another study confirmed that working memory can be improved by theta activity in normal aging adults (3). Other studies have indicated that increasing beta frequency and decreasing high theta and low alpha frequencies improve the state of attention (6).…”

“…Studies have shown that theta frequency is related to working memory, attention, and memory consolidation (3,20). Theta frequency neurofeedback training can enhance memory consolidation (7), memory updating, and mental set shifting (21), encoding new information into episodic memory or working memory (2), recognition memory (22), and memory performance (10, 23,24).…”

“…Desirable brain activity is rewarded based on this information. This process is based on the operant conditioning principle in which the individuals learn to regulate their brain frequencies through positive reinforcement during training sessions (3)(4)(5). Neurofeedback protocols define desired frequency patterns that need to be practiced (6).…”

Neurofeedback training with a motor imagery-based BCI: neurocognitive improvements and EEG changes in the elderly

“…It is also common to find an increase in cognitive processing speed and executive functions but not in memory [1]. However, there are also studies that found an increase of memory when users trained theta band [41]. Therefore, further analyses on the effects of NFT in the elderly are needed.…”

“…Although it is an unusual method, learning control of brain rhythms using a BCI system has also been studied [33]. Similarly, there are also studies that focus on neuropsychological changes due to NFT in elderly people [1,36,41]. Elderly people undergo numerous changes that imply poorer cognitive performance than young adults [6,19].…”