Neurofeedback

Abstract

Neurofeedback or electroencephalographic ( EEG ) biofeedback is the practice of providing sensory feedback in an operant conditioning paradigm to modify or enhance the activity of the central nervous system including EEG , event‐related potentials, slow cortical potentials, and blood oxygenation level‐dependent signal of cortical or subcortical origin. The visualization of brain signals gives individuals the opportunity to gain awareness of their physiology and the information needed to learn self‐regulation or volitional control of specific brain activity for the purpose of symptom reduction or performance enhancement. A brief discussion of the origins of brain signal recording, development of classical and operant conditioning paradigms, and evolution of neurofeedback therapy is presented. The technical requirements and feedback presentation of EEG , quantitative EEG , slow cortical potentials, hemoencephalography, near‐infrared spectroscopy, and real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging are discussed. An overview of the research investigating neurofeedback therapy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders is presented and includes outcome data related to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, dissociative disorder, learning disorders, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. The integration of neurofeedback into cognitive behavioral therapy protocols is discussed.

Mental individuation of imagined finger movements can be achieved using TMS-based neurofeedback

“…Numerous studies illustrate successful application of NF in the neuroscience domain. Its effectiveness is demonstrated on micro- (electrocorticographic; Gharabaghi et al 2014), meso- (fMRI; Scharnowski et al 2012) and macro-scale (electrocorticographic; Omejc et al 2019) levels, both in healthy and clinical (Wyckoff and Birbaumer, 2014) settings.…”

Inshigts in EEG Versus HEG and RT-FMRI Neuro Feedback Training for Cognition Enhancement

“…These neurofeedback training approaches modify brain activity in a different way which is based on particular neurological measures. A number of related research provides evidence that neurofeedback training is efficiently used in order to improve neuropsychological disorders, improve cognitive efficiency, and enhance brain functions in healthy individuals [7].…”