Neuroendocrinology and Adaptive Physiology of Maternal Care

Smiley, Kristina O.; Ladyman, Sharon R; Gustafson, Papillon; Grattan, David R.; Brown, Rosemary S E

doi:10.1007/7854_2019_122

Cited by 14 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 261 publications

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“…Hormonal changes during pregnancy are known to coordinate a broad range of physiological adaptations, from the supply of nutrients and oxygen for the fetus growth in utero to specific patterns of parental behavior [32,33]. Changed metabolism of amino acids in the brain of the pregnant females may be involved in these adaptations, as many of amino acids are neurotransmitters or their precursors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic Adaptation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Rat Cerebellum Decreases in Pregnancy

Граф

Trofimova

Ksenofontov

et al. 2020

Cells

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Function of brain amino acids as neurotransmitters or their precursors implies changes in the amino acid levels and/or metabolism in response to physiological and environmental challenges. Modelling such challenges by pregnancy and/or hypoxia, we characterize the amino acid pool in the rat cerebellum, quantifying the levels and correlations of 15 amino acids and activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC). The parameters are systemic indicators of metabolism because OGDHC limits the flux through mitochondrial TCA cycle, where amino acids are degraded and their precursors synthesized. Compared to non-pregnant state, pregnancy increases the cerebellar content of glutamate and tryptophan, decreasing interdependence between the quantified components of amino acid metabolism. In response to hypoxia, the dependence of cerebellar amino acid pool on OGDHC and the average levels of arginine, glutamate, lysine, methionine, serine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan increase in non-pregnant rats only. This is accompanied by a higher hypoxic resistance of the non-pregnant vs. pregnant rats, pointing to adaptive significance of the hypoxia-induced changes in the cerebellar amino acid metabolism. These adaptive mechanisms are not effective in the pregnancy-changed metabolic network. Thus, the cerebellar amino acid levels and OGDHC activity provide sensitive markers of the physiology-dependent organization of metabolic network and its stress adaptations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic Adaptation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Rat Cerebellum Decreases in Pregnancy

Граф

Trofimova

Ksenofontov

et al. 2020

Cells

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“…While some studies have studied the mechanisms driving maternal behaviors in humans, rodent models have proven invaluable in deciphering how these adaptations are achieved. In both humans and rodents, lactogenic hormones are elevated during pregnancy and lactation, and by acting on the widely-distributed Prlr, regulate multiple behavioral functions ( 10 , 213 ). Amongst these, we have highlighted that these lactogenic hormones exert profound effects on a diverse range of both young-directed and young-related maternal behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 1 , prolactin binding to the extracellular domain results in dimerization of the receptor and activation of JAK2 which in turn triggers a signaling cascade resulting in phosphorylation and translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) to the nucleus where it exerts targeted effects on gene transcription ( 39 ). There are two homologous isoforms of STAT5; STAT5a and STAT5b ( 11 , 17 ), which are often co-expressed in tissues ( 10 ). Although in some tissues, such as the mammary gland, STAT5a predominantly mediates prolactin receptor signaling ( 41 , 42 ), in the hypothalamus of the brain, where the Prlr is highly expressed, STAT5b is critical for prolactin action ( 43 , 44 ).…”

Section: Lactogenic Signaling In the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First described in 1972, a humoral basis for maternal behavior (6) has since been the subject of extensive research in a wide variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species. Extensively reviewed elsewhere, multiple hormonal signals contribute to the onset and maintenance of maternal behaviors, including estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, and prolactin (1,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Rather than reviewing the role of all these hormones in-depth here, the aim of this review is to provide a focused examination of the literature on the role of the prolactin family of hormones across multiple facets of maternal behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In non-pregnant females, circulating prolactin is maintained at low basal levels through a negative feedback loop system. Secretion of placental lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin is initiated early in pregnancy with circulating levels increasing until parturition ( 10 ). The lactogenic composition during pregnancy is distinct in rodents, with the mating stimulus inducing twice-daily surges in prolactin secretion for the first 9 days of pregnancy ( 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prolactin Family of Hormones as Regulators of Maternal Mood and Behavior

Georgescu

Swart

Grattan

et al. 2021

Front. Glob. Womens Health

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Transition into motherhood involves profound physiological and behavioral adaptations that ensure the healthy development of offspring while maintaining maternal health. Dynamic fluctuations in key hormones during pregnancy and lactation induce these maternal adaptations by acting on neural circuits in the brain. Amongst these hormonal changes, lactogenic hormones (e.g., prolactin and its pregnancy-specific homolog, placental lactogen) are important regulators of these processes, and their receptors are located in key brain regions controlling emotional behaviors and maternal responses. With pregnancy and lactation also being associated with a marked elevation in the risk of developing mood disorders, it is important to understand how hormones are normally regulating mood and behavior during this time. It seems likely that pathological changes in mood could result from aberrant expression of these hormone-induced behavioral responses. Maternal mental health problems during pregnancy and the postpartum period represent a major barrier in developing healthy mother-infant interactions which are crucial for the child's development. In this review, we will examine the role lactogenic hormones play in driving a range of specific maternal behaviors, including motivation, protectiveness, and mother-pup interactions. Understanding how these hormones collectively act in a mother's brain to promote nurturing behaviors toward offspring will ultimately assist in treatment development and contribute to safeguarding a successful pregnancy.

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