Neurocysticercosis and movement disorders: A literature review

Rissardo, Jamir Pitton; Caprara, Ana Letícia Fornari; Durante, Ícaro

doi:10.4103/bc.bc_48_20

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Although a positive response to Ldopa and postmortem neuropathological evidence of nigrostriatal damage were described in some cases, findings from presynaptic dopaminergic imaging have never been reported. [42][43][44] The persistence or appearance of an MD, despite improvement of MRI/computed tomography lesions, as in our case and others in the literature, does not mean toxoplasmosis treatment failure, but it is probably due to residual injury from coagulative necrosis. 9 Alternatively, HIV coinfection may contribute to perpetuating the MD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Similar to CTx, cysticercosis, tuberculosis, and cryptococcosis have also been associated with parkinsonism either as a consequence of lesions (granulomas or abscesses) involving the BG or SN or secondarily to direct pressure of the SN from ventriculitis and obstructive hydrocephalus. Although a positive response to l ‐dopa and postmortem neuropathological evidence of nigrostriatal damage were described in some cases, findings from presynaptic dopaminergic imaging have never been reported 42–44 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism Following Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Malaquias

Magrinelli

Quattrone

et al. 2022

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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BackgroundBackground: Cerebral toxoplasmosis (CTx) is a central nervous system opportunistic infection with variable neurological manifestations. Although tropism of Toxoplasma gondii for the basal ganglia is well known, movement disorders (MDs) represent only a small percentage of CTx-related neurological complications. CTxassociated MDs are usually hyperkinetic, whereas parkinsonism associated with evidence of presynaptic dopaminergic deficit has never been described. Case Case: We report a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient who developed a complex MD featuring unilateral tremor combined with parkinsonism and dystonia following an acute episode of disseminated CTx. Her dopamine transporter scan (DaTscan) documented contralateral presynaptic dopaminergic deficit. Levodopa initiation improved both tremor and parkinsonism after ineffective trials of several other medications over the years. Literature Review Literature Review: A total of 64 patients presenting with CTx-related MDs have been described. The most common MD was chorea (44%), followed by ataxia (20%), parkinsonism (16%), tremor (14%), dystonia (14%), myoclonus (3%), and akathisia (2%). DaTscan was performed only in 1 case, of Holmes tremor, that demonstrated reduced presynaptic dopaminergic uptake. Positive response to dopaminergic treatment was reported in 3 cases of Holmes tremor and 2 cases of parkinsonism. Conclusions Conclusions: Presynaptic dopaminergic deficit may occur in CTx-related tremor combined with parkinsonism. Its identification should prompt initiation of levodopa, thus avoiding unnecessary trials of other drugs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism Following Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Malaquias

Magrinelli

Quattrone

et al. 2022

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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“…Dysfunction in the basal ganglia, particularly in circuits involving the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, is implicated in various movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and dystonia. Also, the mass effect caused by some cystic lesions can explain abnormal movements with the neurocysticercosis [71].…”

Section: Brain Regions Involvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Understanding and Managing Movement Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

R. Santos

2024

Preprint

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Movement disorders encompass a diverse group of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal voluntary or involuntary movements. These disorders can be classified broadly into hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders. Excessive, involuntary movements, including tremors, dystonia, chorea, and myoclonus characterize hyperkinetic disorders. Tremors are rhythmic, involuntary movements occurring at rest or during movement. Dystonia involves sustained muscle contractions, leading to twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Chorea manifests as brief, irregular, involuntary movements that flow from one body part to another. Myoclonus consists of sudden, brief muscle contractions, either spontaneous or in response to a stimulus. Hypokinetic disorders are characterized by a lack of movement or difficulty initiating movement, as seen in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement, causing tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Parkinsonism refers to a group of disorders with similar symptoms to Parkinson's disease but with different underlying causes. Diagnosing movement disorders involves a thorough clinical evaluation, including a detailed medical history and physical examination. Neuroimaging studies such as MRI, CT scans, and functional imaging techniques may be used to assess brain structure and function. Additionally, laboratory tests, including genetic testing and biochemical markers, can help diagnose certain movement disorders.

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“…Cysts and abscesses in the brain can also lead to movement disorders, depending on their location and size [104]. These lesions can cause compression of surrounding brain tissue, leading to symptoms such as weakness, tremors, and dystonia [105].…”

Section: Other Structural Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Secondary Movement Disorders

R. Santos

2024

Preprint

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Secondary movement disorders (SMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal, involuntary movements resulting from various underlying causes. This comprehensive review aims to thoroughly understand SMDs, including their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and management strategies. SMDs encompass a spectrum of movement abnormalities, including dystonia, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, tics, and tremors. They can arise from a multitude of etiologies, such as drug-induced effects, post-infectious processes, metabolic disturbances, and structural brain lesions. The epidemiology of SMDs varies depending on the underlying cause, with some conditions being more prevalent in specific populations or age groups. Understanding the pathophysiology of SMDs is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted management. Diagnosing SMDs requires a comprehensive approach, including a detailed history, physical examination, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging studies, and sometimes electrophysiological studies. Management of SMDs is multifaceted and may involve pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical interventions. Individualized treatment plans are essential, considering the underlying cause, severity of symptoms, and patient preferences. Emerging concepts in the field of SMDs include advancements in genetic research, identification of biomarkers, and development of novel therapeutic approaches. There is a growing focus on patient-centered care and improving the quality of life for individuals with SMDs. In conclusion, SMDs pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for optimal management. Continued research and collaboration are essential for advancing our understanding and treatment of these complex disorders.

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Neurocysticercosis and movement disorders: A literature review

Cited by 13 publications

References 58 publications

Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism Following Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Presynaptic Hemiparkinsonism Following Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Advances in Understanding and Managing Movement Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

A Comprehensive Review of Secondary Movement Disorders

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