Neurocognitive deficits related to poor decision making in people behind bars

Yechiam, Eldad; Kanz, Jason E.; Bechara, Antoine; Stout, Julie C.; Busemeyer, Jerome R.; Altmaier, Elizabeth M.; Paulsen, Jane S.

doi:10.3758/pbr.15.1.44

Cited by 84 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These people gave great importance to gains and rewards while disregarding losses and punishments (Yechiam et al, 2008). Thus, they would have deficits in reward processing, failing to consider all the relevant information and focusing only on that related to the greatest and most immediate rewards, and dismissing losses (Yechiam et al, 2008).…”

Section: Executive Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Déficits neuropsicológicos asociados a la relación entre abuso de cocaína y violencia: mecanismos neuronales facilitadores

Romero‐Martínez

Moya-Albiol

2015

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Introducción. El abuso de la cocaína, así como la exposición prenatal a la misma parece ser un factor relevante en el desencadenamiento de comportamientos violentos. Los déficits neuropsicológicos, así como el género y la combinación con el alcohol, serían los posibles mecanismos facilitadores. Objetivo. Revisar y recapitular los resultados obtenidos sobre los déficits neuropsicológicos debidos al abuso o a la exposición prenatal a la cocaína y relacionarlos con la expresión de la violencia. Además, se enfatiza el papel del género y el abuso del alcohol junto a la cocaína, así como la posible existencia de daño orgánico cerebral como mecanismos facilitadores. Desarrollo. Se ha revisado la bibliografía científica usando los buscadores Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline e ISI Web of Knowledge. Conclusiones.La cocaína facilitaría la expresión de la violencia debido a los déficits en la decodificación emocional, la capacidad de abstracción e inhibición, así como en las habilidades verbales y mnémicas. Esto explicaría, además, los problemas en la toma de decisiones. Los déficits y la expresión de la violencia parecen ser más evidentes en los hombres. Sin embargo, a pesar de que la combinación de la cocaína con el alcohol incrementaría el riesgo de reaccionar de forma violenta, los déficits no serían mayores que el consumo de cada una de ellas por separado.Estos déficits podrían ser producto de un funcionamiento anormal de algunas áreas del lóbulo frontal (especialmente el prefrontal) y el parietal, así como estructuras subcorticales como la amígdala. Todo ello permitiría planificar estrategias de intervención cuyos objetivos serían estos dominios cognitivos.

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Section: Executive Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Déficits neuropsicológicos asociados a la relación entre abuso de cocaína y violencia: mecanismos neuronales facilitadores

Romero‐Martínez

Moya-Albiol

2015

Adicciones

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“…One useful approach for revealing the cognitive underpinning of behavior is to describe it using cognitive models (e.g., Yechiam et al, 2008). Here, we use cumulative prospect theory (CPT; Tversky & Kahneman, 1992) as a cognitive model to examine differences between prisoners and nonprisoners in risky choice.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prospects behind bars: Analyzing decisions under risk in a prison population

Pachur

Hanoch

Gummerum

2010

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Criminal activity often involves considerable risks. It is therefore not surprising that criminals have been speculated to differ from noncriminals in risk attitude. Yet, few data exist to support this assumption. Moreover, the psychological underpinnings of differences in risk attitude are currently little understood. We presented prisoners and controls with sets of risky decision tasks and modeled their responses using cumulative prospect theory (CPT). The two groups showed several differences. Prisoners were more risk seeking than nonprisoners in lotteries involving losses, but they were less risk seeking in lotteries involving high-probability gains. Bestfitting CPT parameters indicated a reduced sensitivity to outcomes, for both gains and losses, and a stronger loss aversion among prisoners. In addition, prisoners showed a diminished sensitivity to the probability of gains. Our results contribute to a better understanding of prisoners' risk attitudes and the underlying mechanisms that distinguish prisoners from nonprisoners and may thus help improve interventions designed to prevent crime.

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“…The sample of students was administered three questionnaires: the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) to measure impulsiveness, the Youth Self Report in the version for 11-18 year-olds (YSR [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] to identify elements of psychopathological vulnerability, and an ad hoc questionnaire on how adolescents spent their Saturday evenings (Questionnaire on Adolescents' Saturday nights -QAS) to obtain information on their modalities and quantities of alcohol consumption.…”

Section: Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, there is evidence of an impaired capacity for inhibitory control, making it hard for individuals to control their impulses [13]. It is worth noting that similar alterations are detectable in subjects who have conduct disorder whose impulsiveness becomes apparent, from a neurocognitive standpoint, in tasks involving the need to inhibit motor response [14] and in decision-making tasks when individuals need to integrate changes in reinforcement and punishment contingencies in their decisions [15][16][17][18]. From the morphometric standpoint, changes affecting brain structures like the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are already identifiable in preadolescents and adolescents with antisocial conduct [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%