Neurochemistry of the mammalian cone `synaptic complex'

Vardi, Noga; Morigiwa, Katsuko; Wang, Tian Li; Shi, Yijun; Sterling, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00007-8

Cited by 96 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…These contact regions exhibited symmetrically dense membranes ( Fig. 6; Vardi et al, 1998). Similarly, outer diffuse bipolar cells made only basal contacts (Hopkins & Boycott, 1995, and all of these were symmetrically dense as well ( Fig.…”

Section: Identification Of Bipolar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The specialized membrane densities at these contacts were asymmetric, with a thicker presynaptic (pedicle) membrane density and a less thick postsynaptic (bipolar dendrite) membrane density ( Fig. 6; Vardi et al, 1998). Inner diffuse bipolar cells made both invaginating and basal contacts with their cone pedicles (Hopkins & Boycott, 1995Calkins et al, 1996).…”

Section: Identification Of Bipolar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Cell density ratios in a foveal patch in macaque retina

Ahmad

Klug²,

Herr³

et al. 2003

Vis Neurosci

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We examine the assumptions that the fovea contains equal numbers of inner (invaginating or ON) and outer (flat or OFF) midget bipolar cells and equal numbers of inner and outer diffuse bipolar cells. Based on reconstruction from electron photomicrographs of serial thin sections through the fovea of a macaque monkey, we reject both assumptions. First, every foveal L and M cone is presynaptic to one inner and one outer midget bipolar cell; however, S cones are presynaptic to one outer but no inner midget bipolar cell. Second, we measure the density of all foveal cells in the same patch of fovea, affording accurate cell density ratios. For each foveal cone pedicle, at a density of 26,500 mm Ϫ2 , there is close to one (0.88) outer diffuse bipolar cell but only 0.40 inner diffuse bipolar cells. This asymmetry may be related to differences in resolution and sensitivity for light increments and decrements. We also find one (1.01) Müller cell, one (1.01) amacrine cell in the inner nuclear layer, and close to one (0.83) horizontal cell for each cone pedicle. In addition, for each S cone, there are two inner S-cone bipolar cells and two small bistratified ganglion cells. In total, there are 3.4 cone bipolar cells per cone but only 2.6 ganglion cells per cone. The latter ratio is enough to accommodate one midget ganglion cell for each midget bipolar cell.

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Section: Identification Of Bipolar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Identification Of Bipolar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cell density ratios in a foveal patch in macaque retina

Ahmad

Klug²,

Herr³

et al. 2003

Vis Neurosci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The following affinitypurified antibodies were used in this study: polyclonal antiGluR1 antiserum (Chemicon), polyclonal anti-GluR2 antiserum (Chemicon), and monoclonal anti-GluR2 antibody (PharMingen). The antibodies against the different AMPA glutamate receptor subunits have been characterized and used previously for light and electron microscopic localization studies (12,29,30). In addition, we assessed the specificity of the antibodies by the immunoblotting of membrane proteins (5-10 g͞lane) of rat retina (R), cerebellum (C), and liver (L) (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative pathway for rod signals in the rodent retina: Rod photoreceptors, cone bipolar cells, and the localization of glutamate receptors

Hack

Peichl

Brandstätter

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

165

157

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In the mammalian retina, extensive processing of spatiotemporal and chromatic information occurs. One key principle in signal transfer through the retina is parallel processing. Two of these parallel pathways are the ON-and OFF-channels transmitting light and dark signals. This dual system is created in the outer plexiform layer, the first relay station in retinal signal transfer. Photoreceptors release glutamate onto ON-and OFF-type bipolar cells, which are functionally distinguished by their postsynaptic expression of different types of glutamate receptors, namely ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. In the current concept, rod photoreceptors connect only to rod bipolar cells (ON-type) and cone photoreceptors connect only to cone bipolar cells (ON-and OFF-type). We have studied the distribution of (RS)-␣-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor subunits at the synapses in the outer plexiform layer of the rodent retina by immunoelectron microscopy and serial section reconstruction. We report a non-classical synaptic contact and an alternative pathway for rod signals in the retina. Rod photoreceptors made synaptic contact with putative OFF-cone bipolar cells that expressed the AMPA glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 on their dendrites. Thus, in the retina of mouse and rat, an alternative pathway for rod signals exists, where rod photoreceptors bypass the rod bipolar cell and directly excite OFF-cone bipolar cells through an ionotropic sign-conserving AMPA glutamate receptor.

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“…GABA receptors have been found on bipolar cell dendrites (GABA A : Greferath et al, 1994;Vardi et al, 1998;GABA C : Enz et al, 1996;Pattnaik et al, 2000), suggesting a mechanism for a feedforward process. GABA A receptor immunoreactivity is localized to bipolar cell membranes adjacent to horizontal cell endings in cone pedicles and underneath photoreceptor terminals .…”

Section: Targets For Gaba Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular distribution and subcellular localization of molecular components of vesicular transmitter release in horizontal cells of rabbit retina

Hirano

Brandstätter

Brecha

2005

J of Comparative Neurology

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The mechanism underlying transmitter release from retinal horizontal cells is poorly understood. We investigated the possibility of vesicular transmitter release from mammalian horizontal cells by examining the expression of synaptic proteins that participate in vesicular transmitter release at chemical synapses. Using immunocytochemistry, we evaluated the cellular and subcellular distribution of complexin I/II, syntaxin-1, and synapsin I in rabbit retina. Strong labeling for complexin I/II, proteins that regulate a late step in vesicular transmitter release, was found in both synaptic layers of the retina, and in somata of A-and B-type horizontal cells, of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-and glycinergic amacrine cells, and of ganglion cells. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the presence of complexin I/II in horizontal cell processes postsynaptic to rod and cone ribbon synapses. Syntaxin-1, a core protein of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex known to bind to complexin, and synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein involved in the Ca 2ϩ -dependent recruitment of synaptic vesicles for transmitter release, were also present in the horizontal cells and their processes at photoreceptor synapses. Photoreceptors and bipolar cells did not express any of these proteins at their axon terminals. The presence of complexin I/II, syntaxin-1, and synapsin I in rabbit horizontal cell processes and tips suggests that a vesicular mechanism may underlie transmitter release from mammalian horizontal cells.

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Neurochemistry of the mammalian cone `synaptic complex'

Cited by 96 publications

References 68 publications

Cell density ratios in a foveal patch in macaque retina

Cell density ratios in a foveal patch in macaque retina

An alternative pathway for rod signals in the rodent retina: Rod photoreceptors, cone bipolar cells, and the localization of glutamate receptors

Cellular distribution and subcellular localization of molecular components of vesicular transmitter release in horizontal cells of rabbit retina

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