Neurochemical changes associated with schedule-controlled behavior

Sparber, Sheldon B.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2634-2_9

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Nearly 20 years ago, Seiden, Sparber, and their colleagues (e.g., see reviews by Seiden, MacPhail, & Oglesby, 1975, and by Sparber, 1975) initiated experiments designed to examine neurochemical changes correlated with different types of schedule-controlled behavior. Studies by Seiden's group used drugs such as alpha-methyltyrosine, which blocks the synthesis of catecholamines, to determine whether performances under FI or FR schedules were differentially affected and also whether catecholamine content in the brains of rats responding under these schedules was different.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurochemical Changes Correlated With Behavior Maintained Under Fixed‐interval and Fixed‐ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Barrett

Hoffmann

1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Key pecking of 4 pigeons was maintained under a multiple 3-min fixed-interval, 30-response fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. Only one schedule was in effect during an experimental session, and each was correlated with a different keylight stimulus and location (left vs. right). The different schedule components alternated across days or weeks. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from chronically implanted intracerebroventricular cannulae following sessions with the different schedules, as well as following sessions in which reinforcement was withheld (extinction), when response-independent food was delivered, and when the experimental chamber was dark and there were no scheduled events. Metabolites of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were assayed in cerebrospinal fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Compared to the fixed-ratio condition, responding maintained under the fixed-interval schedule resulted in consistently higher levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid in all pigeons. Levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, a metabolite of norepinephrine, and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, another dopamine metabolite, were also higher in 3 of the 4 pigeons following exposure to the fixed-interval schedules when compared to levels of these metabolites after exposure to the fixed-ratio schedule. Extinction of fixed-ratio responding resulted in large increases in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid compared to levels of this metabolite under the fixed-ratio schedule, whereas this serotonin metabolite decreased during extinction of responding under the fixed-interval schedule. Control procedures suggested that the neurochemical changes were not related to the rate of responding but were a function of the specific experimental conditions. Distinctive neurochemical changes that accompany schedule-controlled responding show the sensitivity of the neurochemical environment to behavioral contingencies and demonstrate further the profound impact that such contingencies have on biobehavioral processes.

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confidence: 99%

Neurochemical Changes Correlated With Behavior Maintained Under Fixed‐interval and Fixed‐ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Barrett

Hoffmann

1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Likewise, again depending on the procedure used for data analysis and the FRD difficulty being examined, maximal accuracy values associated with these curves were reduced by these variables. Together, these findings and the central effects that FRDT and other behavioral procedures previously have been shown to produce neurochemical changes in the brain (e.g., Sparber, 1975;Stodgell et al, 1996) suggest that FRD acquisition was inhibited by a combination of competitive (surmountable) and noncompetitive (insurmountable) central processes (mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition; see Ariens, 1964).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Thus, it is the aggregate information derived from the three different methods as a group that allows considerable confidence in the magnitudes and directions of the learning curve shifts and, therefore, in the use of curve shifts for the future assessment of the underlying neurochemical processes involved. Regardless, the results indicated in Table 1 and the neurochemical effects that FRDT and other behavioral procedures have previously been shown to produce in the brain (e.g., Sparber, 1975; Stodgell et al, 1996) together indicate that FRD acquisition was inhibited by a combination of competitive (surmountable) and noncompetitive (insurmountable) central processes (mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition; see Ariens, 1964).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Like drugs, training, conditioning, and ongoing behavior also produce biological effects. For example, performance on food-motivated simple operant schedules increases brain catecholamine release in vivo in rats (Cousins, Trevitt, Atherton, & Salamone, 1999; Sparber, 1975). Classically conditioned lever press suppression and instrumental learning tasks in rats increase depolarization-elicited hippocampal glutamate release in vitro (e.g., Laroche, Errington, Lynch, & Bliss, 1987; Richter-Levin, Canevari, & Bliss, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic assessment of the effects of task difficulty, microencephaly, and a response manipulandum alteration on the rate of fixed-ratio discrimination acquisition.

Tessel¹,

Loupe²,

Schroeder³

et al. 2002

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Fixed-ratio discrimination (FRD) training session-accuracy curves were constructed using first-order, nonlinear regression and probit analyses to determine maximal (asymptotic) accuracy and the number of sessions required to reach half-maximal accuracy. Increased FRD difficulty (reductions in the differences between the 2 fixed-ratio values to be discriminated) and a training parameter change each increased the number of sessions required to reach half-maximal accuracy and decreased maximal FRD accuracy (i.e., session-accuracy curves were shifted down and to the right) regardless of analysis procedure. These findings indicate that the above manipulations induced mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition of the rate of FRD learning. Microencephalic rats were more sensitive to increases in FRD difficulty, whereas control rats were more sensitive to the training parameter change.

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“…These results, demonstrating that the behavioral effects of drugs can be shown to rapidly oscillate from enhancement to depression depending simply on the control of behavior by external stimuli and the associated schedules of reinforcement, are difficult to explain purely from a mechanistic or pharmacological perspective. There have been attempts to evaluate the influence of schedules of reinforcement on neurochemical changes associated with schedule-controlled behavior (Lewy and Seiden, 1972;Seiden et al, 1975;Sparber, 1975;Miyauchi et al, 1988a,b;Barrett and Hoffmann, 1991), but very little progress has been made in this area that might permit a better understanding of the dynamic interactions between the behavioral and neurochemical processes that could shed further light on these early findings.…”

Section: Studies On Behavior I Differential Sensitivity To Pentobarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peter B. Dews and Pharmacological Studies on Behavior

Barrett¹,

Bergman²

2008

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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The publications by Peter B. Dews of a series of five articles entitled "Studies on Behavior", beginning in 1955 and ending in 1959, were contributions of extraordinary significance in laying a foundation for the emergence of the discipline of behavioral pharmacology. The series of articles were rigorous in their approach, dramatic in terms of the results, and provocative in their implications. Published at the near half-century mark of

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Neurochemical changes associated with schedule-controlled behavior

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

Neurochemical Changes Correlated With Behavior Maintained Under Fixed‐interval and Fixed‐ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Neurochemical Changes Correlated With Behavior Maintained Under Fixed‐interval and Fixed‐ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Kinetic assessment of the effects of task difficulty, microencephaly, and a response manipulandum alteration on the rate of fixed-ratio discrimination acquisition.

Peter B. Dews and Pharmacological Studies on Behavior

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