Neurobiology of Schemas and Schema-Mediated Memory

Gilboa, Asaf; Marlatte, Hannah

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.013

Cited by 539 publications

(591 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…A model also suggests that the anterior hippocampal signals carrying the contextual information are sent directly to the vmPFC, which then engages the appropriate rule and applies it to engage the context‐appropriate representations in the pHPC (Komorowski et al, ; Preston & Eichenbaum, ). Therefore, in the current study, it could be that the aHPC detects the contextual information of the schema (Eichenbaum, ) and the vmPFC serves a general‐purpose control function of biasing information processing (Gilboa & Marlatte, ). In contrast, the vmPFC connects to the pHPC to be responsible for retrieving fine‐grained information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This phenomenon is referred as the congruency effect or schema effect (Gilboa & Marlatte, ; van Kesteren, Ruiter, Fernández, & Henson, ). The hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been shown to be intensively involved in enhancing schema‐related memory (Gilboa & Marlatte, ; Preston & Eichenbaum, ; van Kesteren et al, ). In a landmark series of rodent studies, Tse et al () manipulated schema as six consistent flavor‐location paired associations (PAs) within an arena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interplay of the long axis of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in schema‐related memory retrieval

Guo

Yang

2019

Hippocampus

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When new information is relevant to prior knowledge or schema, it can be learned and remembered better. Rodent studies have suggested that the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are important for processing schema‐related information. However, there are inconsistent findings from human studies on the involvement of the hippocampus and its interaction with the vmPFC in schema‐related memory retrieval. To address these issues, we used a human analog of the rodent spatial schema task to compare brain activity during immediate retrieval of paired associations (PAs) in schema‐consistent and schema‐inconsistent conditions. The results showed that the anterior hippocampus was more involved in retrieving PAs in the schema‐consistent condition than in the schema‐inconsistent condition. Connectivity analyses showed that the anterior hippocampus had stronger coupling with the vmPFC when the participants retrieved newly learned PAs successfully in the schema‐consistent (vs. schema‐inconsistent) condition, whereas the coupling of the posterior hippocampus with the vmPFC showed the opposite. Taken together, the results shed light on how the long axis of the hippocampus and vmPFC interact to serve memory retrieval via different networks that differ by schema condition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay of the long axis of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in schema‐related memory retrieval

Guo

Yang

2019

Hippocampus

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“…(b) Results showed that participants were more likely to remember items from the same context as appearing closer together in the sequence; in contrast, participants were more likely to remember items that had spanned a context shift as having appeared farther apart in the sequence. (c) Ratings of closer temporal proximity were associated with greater hippocampal pattern similarity across event boundaries (adapted from "Similarity breeds proximity: Pattern similarity within and across contexts is related to later mnemonic judgments of temporal proximity" by Ezzyat and Davachi, 2014, Neuron, 81(5), p. 1179-1189 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] (Tompary et al, 2017), or "schemas", which can also provide scaffolding for integrating and learning new information (Gilboa & Marlatte, 2017;Preston & Eichenbaum, 2013;Tse et al, 2007Tse et al, , 2011van Kesteren, Rijpkema, Ruiter, Morris, & Fernández, 2014).…”

Section: Proactive Mechanisms Of Binding Sequential Memory Represenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience

2019

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Our daily lives unfold continuously, yet when we reflect on the past, we remember those experiences as distinct and cohesive events. To understand this phenomenon, early investigations focused on how and when individuals perceive natural breakpoints, or boundaries, in ongoing experience. More recent research has examined how these boundaries modulate brain mechanisms that support long-term episodic memory. This work has revealed that a complex interplay between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex promotes the integration and separation of sequential information to help organize our experiences into mnemonic events. Here, we discuss how both temporal stability and change in one’s thoughts, goals, and surroundings may provide scaffolding for these neural processes to link and separate memories across time. When learning novel or familiar sequences of information, dynamic hippocampal processes may work both independently from and in concert with other brain regions to bind sequential representations together in memory. The formation and storage of discrete episodic memories may occur both proactively as an experience unfolds. They may also occur retroactively, either during a context shift or when reactivation mechanisms bring the past into the present to allow integration. We also describe conditions and factors that shape the construction and integration of event memories across different timescales. Together these findings shed new light on how the brain transcends time to transform everyday experiences into meaningful memory representations.

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“…Both intact and scrambled movies and stories contain events that unfold over time, but only intact stimuli are predictable over long timescales: they share similarities with learned representations of real-life events we repeatedly encounter, which have temporal structure on the order of seconds or minutes. This structure can influence how new information is interpreted, as well as the ability to remember that information and predict upcoming events (Bartlett, 1932; Bower et al, 1979; Gilboa & Marlatte, 2017; van Kesteren et al, 2012). We refer to such events as “schemas” here, but the term “scripts” applies equally, as has been used classically in cognitive psychology to refer to stereotyped or familiar action sequences, like eating in a restaurant (Bower et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning Naturalistic Temporal Structure in the Posterior Medial Network

Aly

Chen

Turk‐Browne

et al. 2018

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on pre-existing event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, posterior medial regions were immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact but not scrambled movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function in the posterior medial network.

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Neurobiology of Schemas and Schema-Mediated Memory

Cited by 539 publications

References 105 publications

Interplay of the long axis of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in schema‐related memory retrieval

Interplay of the long axis of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in schema‐related memory retrieval

Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience

Learning Naturalistic Temporal Structure in the Posterior Medial Network

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