Neurobiology of Exercise

Dishman, Rod K.; Berthoud, Hans Rudolf; Booth, Frank W.; Cotman, Carl W.; Edgerton, V. Reggie; Fleshner, Monika; Gandevia, Simon C.; Gómez‐Pinilla, Fernando; Greenwood, Benjamin N.; Hillman, Charles H.; Kramer, Arthur F.; Levin, Barry E.; Moran, Timothy H.; Russo-Neustadt, Amelia; Salamone, John D.; Hoomissen, Jacqueline D. Van; Wade, Charles E.; York, David A.; Zigmond, Michael J.

doi:10.1038/oby.2006.46

Cited by 762 publications

(505 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…Because of its pleiotropic effect on the brain (37,38), the subregional selectivity that exercise was found to have within the hippocampal formation was an unexpected finding. This observation is particularly interesting in light of studies suggesting that the dentate gyrus is a hippocampal subregion differentially vulnerable to the aging process, as shown in humans (39,40), nonhuman primates (30,41), and rodents (30,42), and that dentate gyrus dysfunction contributes to cognitive aging (30,40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus

Pereira¹,

Huddleston²,

Brickman³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,158

941

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With continued debate over the functional significance of adult neurogenesis, identifying an in vivo correlate of neurogenesis has become an important goal. Here we rely on the coupling between neurogenesis and angiogenesis and test whether MRI measurements of cerebral blood volume (CBV) provide an imaging correlate of neurogenesis. First, we used an MRI approach to generate CBV maps over time in the hippocampal formation of exercising mice. Among all hippocampal subregions, exercise was found to have a primary effect on dentate gyrus CBV, the only subregion that supports adult neurogenesis. Moreover, exercise-induced increases in dentate gyrus CBV were found to correlate with postmortem measurements of neurogenesis. Second, using similar MRI technologies, we generated CBV maps over time in the hippocampal formation of exercising humans. As in mice, exercise was found to have a primary effect on dentate gyrus CBV, and the CBV changes were found to selectively correlate with cardiopulmonary and cognitive function. Taken together, these findings show that dentate gyrus CBV provides an imaging correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis and that exercise differentially targets the dentate gyrus, a hippocampal subregion important for memory and implicated in cognitive aging.hippocampus ͉ in vivo imaging ͉ cerebral blood volume ͉ angiogenesis T he hippocampal formation, a brain circuit made up of separate but interconnected subregions (1), is vital for memory function (2) and is targeted by the aging process (3). The dentate gyrus is the only hippocampal subregion that supports neurogenesis in the adult brain (4-6). Nevertheless, because neurogenesis can only be assessed in postmortem tissue, its functional significance remains undetermined. With this limitation in mind, we have explored different imaging approaches applicable to rodents and humans that might provide an in vivo correlate of neurogenesis.Although imaging radioligands designed to bind newly dividing cells is an attractive approach, positron emission tomography imaging suffers inherently poor resolution and cannot visualize the dentate gyrus. Additionally, radiolabeling newborn cells introduces potential safety concerns. For these reasons, we have focused on MRI technologies instead. Notably, a coupling has been established between neurogenesis and angiogenesis (7,8). The process of angiogenesis, in turn, gradually gives rise to the formation of new blood vessels, increasing regional microvascular density (9-12). Importantly, vascular density can be measured in vivo with imaging techniques that map regional blood volume. Numerous studies have established a tight relationship between angiogenesis and regional blood volume (13-17), including in the brain where regional angiogenesis is coupled to regional cerebral blood volume (CBV) (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).Because CBV can be measured with MRI, we hypothesized that a regionally selective increase in hippocampal CBV might provide an imaging correlate of neurogenesis. This hypothesis was tested in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus

Pereira¹,

Huddleston²,

Brickman³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,158

941

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…One of the most important effects of exercise is the effect on cognition. Exercise not only improves cognitive function in normal individuals, but also is associated with a lower risk for depression, AD and other types of neurodegenerative diseases [1] . Studies on humans and animal models also suggest that moderate voluntary physical exercise might attenuate some of the cognitive symptoms and mitigate the psychological disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise and its biological mechanisms on brain health

2008

Neurosci. Bull.

127

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This article reviewed the beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise on brain health according to the studies on humans and animals, which includes improving psychological status and cognitive function, enhancing psychological well-being, decreasing the risks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, and promoting the effects of antidepressant and anxiolytic. The possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms are involved up-active and down-active pathways. The up-active pathway is associated with enhancements of several neurotransmitters systems afferent to hippocampus, including norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The down-active pathway is mainly concerned with up-regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurogenesis. It is suggested that NE activation via β-adrenergic receptors may be essential for exercise-induced BDNF up-regulation. The possible intracellular signaling pathways of NE-mediated BDNF up-expression may be involved in GPCR-MAPK-PI-3K crosstalk and positive feedback.

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“…These include enhanced executive functions of cognition and some types of learning, including motor learning in the spinal cord among others. 5 It has been demonstrated by neuroimaging approaches that aerobic physical exercise represents a sufficient instrument to increase hippocampal volume, 6 resulting in reduced hippocampal atrophy in individuals at genetic risk for AD. 7 This has been mainly attributed to an elevated release of neurotrophic factors and boosted angiogenesis, both facilitating increased neuro-and synaptogenesis (reviewed in ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered neurogenesis in mouse models of Alzheimer disease

Wirths

2017

Neurogenesis

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Amyloid-b (Ab) peptides, as well as a variety of other protein fragments, are derived from proteolytical cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and have been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathological changes underlying Alzheimer disease (AD). In AD mouse models, altered neurogenesis has been repeatedly reported to be associated with further AD-typical pathological hallmarks such as extracellular plaque deposition, behavioral deficits or neuroinflammation. While a toxic role of Ab in neurodegeneration and impaired neuronal progenitor proliferation is likely and well-accepted, recent findings also suggest an important influence of APP-derived proteolitical fragments like the APP intracellular domain (AICD), as well as of APP itself.

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Neurobiology of Exercise

Cited by 762 publications

References 136 publications

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus

Beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise and its biological mechanisms on brain health

Altered neurogenesis in mouse models of Alzheimer disease

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