Neurobiology of Amphetamine use in Stroke Recovery Combined with Rehabilitative Training and Brain Stimulation

Abstract

Stroke is a physiological disorder involving a prolonged local interruption of cerebral blood flow. It leads to massive neuronal death and causes short-term or long-lasting functional impairment. Most stroke victims regain some neural function weeks or months following a stroke, but this recovery can plateau six months or more after the injury. The goal of stroke therapy is the rehabilitation of functional capabilities, especially those affecting the patient’s autonomy and quality of life. Recent clinical and animal studies combining acute d-amphetamine administration with rehabilitative training (RT) have revealed that this treatment has significant remedial effects. The review aims to examine the synergistic therapeutic effects of d-amphetamine coupled with RT, administered during the early or late subacute period, on neuronal activation, anatomic plasticity, and skilled motor function in a middle-aged rodent stroke model. The treatment will also include magnetic field stimulation. This review will help increase understanding of the mechanism of d-amphetamine coupled with RT and magnetic field stimulation and their converging therapeutic effects for stroke recovery.

Intermittent theta burst stimulation attenuates oxidative stress and reactive astrogliosis in the streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology

“…One of the factors shown to initiate Nrf2 translocation is BDNF (Bruna et al, 2018;Davies et al, 2021), whose expression is proven to be modulated by rTMS (Stevanovic et al, 2019). Our results demonstrated TMS-mediated elevation of both Nrf2 and BDNF, which might partially explain the improvement of overall oxidative status (Numakawa et al, 2018;Liang et al, 2021;Uzair et al, 2022. ) following STZ administration.…”

“…In developing antioxidant therapies for neurological disease, special attention should be given to the brain's unique vulnerability of the brain to oxidative insults and its architecture (Birngruber et al, 2013). rTMS has been postulated as a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, through the production of complex neurobiological effects such as induction of early genes, changes in Ca 2+ dynamics, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and activation of neurotrophic factors (Uzair et al, 2022). Herein, we applied iTBS, a highly efficient protocol of rTMS, to evaluate its effect on oxidative stress and the promotion of antioxidative capacity.…”

“…Other studies carried out in rat models of Huntington's disease (Túnez et al, 2006) and olfactory bulbectomy (Tasset et al, 2010) corroborate the antioxidant actions of rTMS, suggesting that it may be mediated through the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, it has been shown that rTMS may improve mitochondrial viability (Medina-Fernandez et al, 2017), which is a significant source of reactive oxygen species, and attenuate pro-apoptotic cascade improving cellular viability in general (Uzair et al, 2022). Interestingly, both BDNF and Nrf2 are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory which are impaired in STZ-induced neurotoxicity (Singh and Garabadu, 2021;Tiwari et al, 2021;Stanojevic et al, 2022).…”

Change Over Time in the Structural Equation Model of Factors Related to Depression in Stroke Survivors Living at Home Since Discharge from the Acute Phase

“…From the point of view of physical function, survivors had improved their status at three months after discharge compared with that at discharge. This finding of this study is similar to that in prior studies, as stroke recovery improves during this period after discharge [38][39][40]. Thus, the results of the score of each FIM item in SEM-3M in this study suggested moving toward recovery when compared with the score in SEM-D.…”

“…Functional recovery was mostly unchanged compared with at three months after discharge. Stroke recovery tends to improve sharply until three months from stroke onset, and only moderately thereafter [38][39][40].…”