Neurobiological Perspective and Personalized Treatment in Schizophrenia

Abstract

Personalized treatment is the focus of researchers and comes into prominence for both genetic sciences and neurotechnology. Recently, clinical practice tries to follow the idea and principles of personalized medicine. Besides predicting an individual’s sensibility or predisposition for developing schizophrenia, pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic approaches attempt to define and acknowledge important indicators of clinical response to antipsychotics namely their efficacy and adverse effects. Particularly in the treatment of schizophrenia, clinicians are very helpless in resistant cases, and clinical pharmacogenomics contributes in a revolutionary way. With both phenotyping, namely Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and genotyping, “big expectations” emerged both with the right drug, the right dose, and the right time. Both pharmacokinetic genotyping, CYP400 enzyme activity, and pharmacodynamic genotyping could be measured. The chapter handles schizophrenia with neurobiological views and covers personalized treatment approaches from various perspectives. Personalized treatment in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia is presented first. Following comorbid schizophrenia in addition to the use of various substances, psychopharmacology of schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs are presented. Genetics and epigenetics in schizophrenia are studied in detail and in silico application and computational approaches covering the feature extraction process and destructive impact of the metaverse are shared lastly.