Neurobiological basis of depression: an update

Kalia, Madhu

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.009

Cited by 169 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, animal studies and various imaging techniques have identi fi ed a number of limbic brain regions that play a role in the etiology of mood disorders. These regions include the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, septohippocampal circuits, amygdala, hypothalamus, and central gray matter of the midbrain (Garakani et al 2006 ;Kalia 2005 ) . Neurons in the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei are thought to modulate these systems, explaining the effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs on mood disorders (Fava 2003 ) .…”

Section: Mood Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Distribution of Nucleoside System in the Human Brain and Implications for Therapy

Kovács

Dobolyi

2012

Adenosine

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Nucleosides have a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological roles in the human brain as modulators of a variety of neural functions. For example, adenosine, inosine, guanosine, and uridine participate in the mechanisms underlying memory, cognition, sleep, pain, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Consequently, increasing attention is now being given to the speci fi c role of nucleosides in physiological and pathological processes in the human brain. Different elements of nucleoside system, including nucleoside concentrations, metabolic enzyme activity, and expression of nucleoside transporters and receptors, may be changed under normal and pathological conditions. The alterations suggest that interlinked elements of the nucleoside system are functioning in a tightly concerted manner.Nucleoside levels, activity of nucleoside metabolic enzymes, and expression of nucleoside transporters and receptors are unevenly distributed in the brain, suggesting that nucleosides have different roles in functionally distinct human brain areas. The aim of this chapter is to summarize our present knowledge of the anatomical distribution of nucleoside system in the human brain, placing emphasis on potential therapeutic pharmacological strategies.

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Section: Mood Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Distribution of Nucleoside System in the Human Brain and Implications for Therapy

Kovács

Dobolyi

2012

Adenosine

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“…The alterations of signal processing and the excitability of these nuclei have been closely associated with the emergence of a negative emotional state resulting from severe aversive experiences, such as phobia and anxiety (Stein et al, 2007;Phan et al, 2006;Kent and Rauch, 2003). Accumulating evidence also indicates that pathophysiological alterations in the neuronal excitability of these amygdala nuclei are characteristic features of certain stressrelated psychiatric illnesses, such as PTSD and depressive disorders (Drevets, 2000;Kalia, 2005;Manji et al, 2001;Shin et al, 2006). Although dysregulation of the serotonergic system in these stress-related psychiatric illnesses has been recognized for over 40 years and may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of these disorders, the exact role this dysregulation might play in the pathophysiology and symptomology of these disorders still remains unclear.…”

Section: Functional Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Impairs 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Serotonergic Facilitation of GABA Release in Juvenile Rat Basolateral Amygdala

Jiang

Xing

Yang

et al. 2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

128

123

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The occurrence of stress and anxiety disorders has been closely associated with alterations of the amygdala GABAergic system. In these disorders, dysregulation of the serotonergic system, a very important modulator of the amygdala GABAergic system, is also well recognized. The present study, utilizing a learned helplessness stress rat model, was designed to determine whether stress is capable of altering serotonergic modulation of the amygdala GABAergic system. In control rats, administration of 5-HT or a-methyl-5-HT, a 5-HT 2 receptor agonist, to basolateral amygdala (BLA) slices dramatically enhanced frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). This effect was blocked by selective 5-HT 2A receptor antagonists while a selective 5-HT 2B receptor agonist and a selective 5-HT 2C receptor agonist were without effect on sIPSCs. Double immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that the 5-HT 2A receptor is primarily localized to parvalbumin-containing BLA interneurons. Thus, serotonin primarily acts via 5-HT 2A receptors to facilitate BLA GABAergic inhibition. In stressed rats, the 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated facilitative actions were severely impaired. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that the impairment of 5-HT 2A receptor signaling primarily resulted from receptor downregulation. The stress-induced effect appeared to be specific to 5-HT 2A receptors because stress had no significant impact on other serotonin receptors, as well as histamine H 3 receptor and a 2 adrenoceptor signaling in the BLA. This severe impairment of 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated facilitation of BLA GABAergic inhibition might result in an amygdala circuitry with hyperexcitability, and a lower threshold of activation, and thus be an important mechanism underlying the emergence of stress-associated psychiatric symptoms.

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“…It is well known that depressed patients have several abnormalities in regional CBF and glucose metabolism in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulated cortex (Kalia, 2005). In addition, several studies (Marenco et al, 1993;Yang et al, 2003;Ortuno et al, 2006) have shown that in healthy individuals and in schizophrenic patients, the frontal lobe is physiologically activated above baseline levels when they are taking a cognitive test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal Cerebral Blood Flow Changes after Hormone Replacement Therapy in Depressed Postmenopausal Women

Yao

Pan

Wang

et al. 2009

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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We investigated the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on frontal cerebral blood flow (CBF), depressive symptoms, and cognitive function in depressed postmenopausal women. Fourteen postmenopausal women with depressive symptoms underwent HRT, and seven controls not undergoing HRT were studied. We evaluated frontal CBF, expressed as frontal/cerebellum (F/C) ratio, using Tc-99m hexamethyl propylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography (Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT), cognitive function using the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), and depression using the HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression) scale. All studies were carried out at initial status and after 9 months. Single photon emission computed tomography was performed at rest and at activation during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Initial frontal CBF was not different between groups. After 9 months, resting frontal CBF was similar between groups. However, activated frontal CBF was significantly higher in the HRT group than in controls (F/C ratio: 0.924±0.04 versus 0.853±0.05, P=0.007). Furthermore, the increase in the activated F/C ratio was inversely associated with years since menopause. Mini-Mental Status Examination scores improved after HRT, but depression scores did not. Hormone replacement therapy improved frontal CBF and cognitive function but not depression in postmenopausal women. The changes in frontal CBF were detected only during WCST activation and were most apparent during early postmenopausal years.

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Neurobiological basis of depression: an update

Cited by 169 publications

References 21 publications

Anatomical Distribution of Nucleoside System in the Human Brain and Implications for Therapy

Anatomical Distribution of Nucleoside System in the Human Brain and Implications for Therapy

Stress Impairs 5-HT2A Receptor-Mediated Serotonergic Facilitation of GABA Release in Juvenile Rat Basolateral Amygdala

Frontal Cerebral Blood Flow Changes after Hormone Replacement Therapy in Depressed Postmenopausal Women

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