Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation

Cirillo, Giovanni; Pino, Giovanni Di; Capone, Fioravante; Ranieri, Federico; Florio, Lucia; Todisco, Vincenzo; Tedeschi, Gioacchino; Funke, Klaus; Lazzaro, Vincenzo Di

doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.009

Cited by 286 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…With short ITIs, however, the protocol resembles low-frequency repetitive TMS, and therefore, long-term depression might influence RS. Previously, ITI has been observed to have an effect on the plastic effects of high-frequency repetitive TMS [6]. The mechanisms of this effect are most likely different from RS mechanisms and RS is not associated to plasticity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of inter-train interval on the induction of repetition suppression of motor-evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation

2017

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Repetition suppression (RS) is evident as a weakened response to repeated stimuli after the initial response. RS has been demonstrated in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) induced with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Here, we investigated the effect of inter-train interval (ITI) on the induction of RS of MEPs with the attempt to optimize the investigative protocols. Trains of TMS pulses, targeted to the primary motor cortex by neuronavigation, were applied at a stimulation intensity of 120% of the resting motor threshold. The stimulus trains included either four or twenty pulses with an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 1 s. The ITI was here defined as the interval between the last pulse in a train and the first pulse in the next train; the ITIs used here were 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, and 17 s. RS was observed with all ITIs except with the ITI of 1 s, in which the ITI was equal to ISI. RS was more pronounced with longer ITIs. Shorter ITIs may not allow sufficient time for a return to baseline. RS may reflect a startle-like response to the first pulse of a train followed by habituation. Longer ITIs may allow more recovery time and in turn demonstrate greater RS. Our results indicate that RS can be studied with confidence at relatively short ITIs of 6 s and above.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to ISI, inter-train interval (ITI) may affect the cortical excitability or inhibition or both. For example, ITI has been shown to influence the plastic effects of high-frequency repetitive TMS [6]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of inter-train interval on the induction of repetition suppression of motor-evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation

2017

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“…Although the physiological basis for rTMS excitability change is not well understood, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have begun to shed light on synaptic and cellular changes induced by repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS; absent the “T” because preparations lack a cranium) [15, 16]. …”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Of Rtms Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the cellular level, rTMS/rMS influences cellular signaling, immediate early gene expression, neurotrophin production, and neurotransmitter release—all of which participate in the induction and/or maintenance of LTP/LTD (see excellent in-depth reviews in [16••, 19••]). For example, repeated daily 20 Hz rTMS in awake behaving rats increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated (activated) AMPA receptors, although 1 Hz rTMS does not [20].…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Of Rtms Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery: Does It Help?

Schambra

2018

Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

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Purpose of Review Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) noninvasively modulates brain excitability in humans and influences mediators of plasticity in animals. When applied in humans in the months to years after stroke, potentiation of motor recovery has been limited. Recently, investigators have shifted rTMS administration into the early weeks following stroke, when injury-induced plasticity could be maximally engaged. This article provides an overview of basic mechanisms of rTMS, consideration of its interaction with various forms of neuroplasticity, and a summary of the highest quality clinical evidence for rTMS given early after stroke. Recent Findings Studies of repetitive magnetic stimulation in vitro and in vivo have found modulation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and induction of cellular mechanisms supporting plasticity. A handful of clinical studies have shown sustained improvements in grip strength and UE motor impairment when rTMS is delivered in the first weeks after stroke. Summary Though in its infancy, recent research suggests a plasticity-enhancing influence and modest motor recovery potentiation when rTMS is delivered early after stroke.

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“…The effects of rTMS in rodents are greatly dependent on: (1) the frequency and field intensity of the stimulation; (2) the acute and chronic mode of treatment; (3) the total number of pulses; (4) the shape and dimension of coils; and (5) the state, either anesthetized or awake, of the animals. Experimental evidences in rodents indicate that rTMS produces complex neurobiochemical effects such as induction of immediate early genes, changes in modulation of neurotransmitters release, effects on glutamate AMPA receptor/NMDA receptor expression (influencing calcium ion dynamics), action on neuroendocrine systems, neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and a powerful activation of neurotrophic factors (Cirillo et al, 2017). These molecular effects may modify the intrinsic and extrinsic electrophysiological properties of neurons and reprogram the expression of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and their cognate receptors, which lead to long-lasting synaptic plasticity-related changes like Long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) phenomena (Chervyakov et al, 2015; Cirillo et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Action for rTMS: A Working Hypothesis Based on Animal Studies

et al. 2017

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Experiments in rodents have elucidated some of the molecular mechanisms underlying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). These studies may be useful in a translational perspective so that future TMS studies in rodents can closely match human TMS protocols designed for therapeutic purposes. In the present work we will review the effects of rTMS on glutamate neurotransmission which in turn induce persistent changes in synaptic activity. In particular, we will focus on the role of NMDA and non-NMDA transmission and on the permissive role of BDNF-TrKB interaction in the rTMS induced after-effects.

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Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation

Cited by 286 publications

References 184 publications

Effect of inter-train interval on the induction of repetition suppression of motor-evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation

Effect of inter-train interval on the induction of repetition suppression of motor-evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Upper Extremity Motor Recovery: Does It Help?

Mechanism of Action for rTMS: A Working Hypothesis Based on Animal Studies

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