“…Therefore, and consistent with the suggestions of Hoffmann et al (2005), H. panicea may perhaps cease its pumping activity to establish internal body anoxia to maintain its endosymbiotic community (Althoff et al 1998, Wichels et al 2006, Schneemann et al 2010. Bacteria isolated from H. panicea are potential sources of neuro-active compounds (Perovic et al 1998), suggesting that sponge-associated microbes also play a functional role in coordinating contractile behavior of the sponge host (Meech 2008, Leys 2015.…”
Section: Relationship Between Osculum Dynamics and Filtration Ratesupporting
Contraction−inflation behavior, including the closure and opening of the exhalant opening (osculum), is common among sponges. This behavior may temporally affect filtration activity, making it difficult to study and understand sponge feeding biology. To examine the interplay between osculum dynamics and filtration activity, small (18 mm 3 ) single-osculum explants of the demosponge Halichondria panicea were studied. Time-lapse video stereo-microscope recordings of the osculum cross-sectional area (OSA) were made simultaneously with measurements of the filtration rate (~15°C, ~20 PSU) using the clearance method. Osculum dynamics, as expressed by temporal variation of the OSA, including osculum contraction and expansion, correlated with variability in the explant filtration rate, and no water pumping was observed during periods of osculum closure. A linear relationship between filtration rate (FR) and OSA revealed a constant exhalant jet velocity: v jet = FR/OSA = 2.3 ± CI 95% 0.13 cm s , which is 2 to 3 times higher than that reported for larger individuals of H. panicea with multiple oscula. This is the first demonstration of a direct relationship between filter feeding and osculum dynamics in a sponge.
“…Therefore, and consistent with the suggestions of Hoffmann et al (2005), H. panicea may perhaps cease its pumping activity to establish internal body anoxia to maintain its endosymbiotic community (Althoff et al 1998, Wichels et al 2006, Schneemann et al 2010. Bacteria isolated from H. panicea are potential sources of neuro-active compounds (Perovic et al 1998), suggesting that sponge-associated microbes also play a functional role in coordinating contractile behavior of the sponge host (Meech 2008, Leys 2015.…”
Section: Relationship Between Osculum Dynamics and Filtration Ratesupporting
Contraction−inflation behavior, including the closure and opening of the exhalant opening (osculum), is common among sponges. This behavior may temporally affect filtration activity, making it difficult to study and understand sponge feeding biology. To examine the interplay between osculum dynamics and filtration activity, small (18 mm 3 ) single-osculum explants of the demosponge Halichondria panicea were studied. Time-lapse video stereo-microscope recordings of the osculum cross-sectional area (OSA) were made simultaneously with measurements of the filtration rate (~15°C, ~20 PSU) using the clearance method. Osculum dynamics, as expressed by temporal variation of the OSA, including osculum contraction and expansion, correlated with variability in the explant filtration rate, and no water pumping was observed during periods of osculum closure. A linear relationship between filtration rate (FR) and OSA revealed a constant exhalant jet velocity: v jet = FR/OSA = 2.3 ± CI 95% 0.13 cm s , which is 2 to 3 times higher than that reported for larger individuals of H. panicea with multiple oscula. This is the first demonstration of a direct relationship between filter feeding and osculum dynamics in a sponge.
“…rather than a dinoflagellate symbiont (Symbiodinium microadriaticum) that produced cytotoxic alkaloids, the haliclonacyclamines (157). Bacterial symbionts, identified on the basis of 16S rDNA sequences as Antarcticum vesiculatum and Psychroserpens butonesis, have been shown to be responsible for the neuroactivity of another sponge, Halichondria panicea (370). Progress is being made in the cultivation of sponge cells that maintain the desired physiological state (332), an advance that will also encourage the production of bioactive compounds.…”
SUMMARY
Profound changes are occurring in the strategies that biotechnology-based industries are deploying in the search for exploitable biology and to discover new products and develop new or improved processes. The advances that have been made in the past decade in areas such as combinatorial chemistry, combinatorial biosynthesis, metabolic pathway engineering, gene shuffling, and directed evolution of proteins have caused some companies to consider withdrawing from natural product screening. In this review we examine the paradigm shift from traditional biology to bioinformatics that is revolutionizing exploitable biology. We conclude that the reinvigorated means of detecting novel organisms, novel chemical structures, and novel biocatalytic activities will ensure that natural products will continue to be a primary resource for biotechnology. The paradigm shift has been driven by a convergence of complementary technologies, exemplified by DNA sequencing and amplification, genome sequencing and annotation, proteome analysis, and phenotypic inventorying, resulting in the establishment of huge databases that can be mined in order to generate useful knowledge such as the identity and characterization of organisms and the identity of biotechnology targets. Concurrently there have been major advances in understanding the extent of microbial diversity, how uncultured organisms might be grown, and how expression of the metabolic potential of microorganisms can be maximized. The integration of information from complementary databases presents a significant challenge. Such integration should facilitate answers to complex questions involving sequence, biochemical, physiological, taxonomic, and ecological information of the sort posed in exploitable biology. The paradigm shift which we discuss is not absolute in the sense that it will replace established microbiology; rather, it reinforces our view that innovative microbiology is essential for releasing the potential of microbial diversity for biotechnology penetration throughout industry. Various of these issues are considered with reference to deep-sea microbiology and biotechnology.
“…However, the number of reports on interactions between bacteria and the wide scope of marine organisms has been increasing (Fenical et al 1991). Bacteria have been detected in microalgae (Kirchner et al 1997(Kirchner et al , 1999(Kirchner et al , 2002Kopp et al 1997;Seibold et al 2001), in corals (Paul et al 1986), in annelids (Cary et al 1997), in echinoderms (Deming and Colwell 1982;Roberts et al 1991;Burnett and McKenzie 1997), in cnidarians (Palincsar et al 1989), in sponges (Althoff et al 1998;Perovic et al 1998;Prokic et al 1998), and in other taxa. However, phylogenetic relationships, ecological functions and the biochemical background of epibiontic or intracellular bacteria have mostly remained unclear.…”
This paper provides the first information on the morphology of different morphotypes of bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans. Ascidians were collected from waters near Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). The dominant type is represented by extremely high numbers of long, needlelike rods (length 10-30 m, width 0.5 m). The bacteria are motile by means of bipolar monotrichous flagella, generating swift sigmoidal movement. Bacteria are already present during different embryonic stages. It is assumed that they are transferred during sexual propagation from the parental colony to its offspring. As a second morphotype, the tunic harbors screw-like bacteria in low numbers (length 4-10 m, width 0.5 m). Besides these conspicuous morphotypes, occasionally motile rods with spore-like globules at one end and additional coccoid forms in large quantities of unknown meaning (possibly spores) were found. The taxonomic status and ecological functions of these differently shaped bacterial groups are unclear.
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