“…In adult social Hymenoptera, however, gonadotropic effects of JH are only supported in ancestral lineages (bumblebee, Bloch et al, 1996;paper wasp, Barth et al, 1975;Bohm, 1972) and not in the derived lineages such as honeybees (Robinson et al, 1991(Robinson et al, , 1992 and several ant species (Diacamma, Sommer et al, 1993;Streblognathus, Brent et al, 2006;Harpegnathos, Penick et al, 2011;Solenopsis, Brent and Vargo, 2003), implying that the gonadotropic function of JH is lost in derived lineages (Hartfelder, 2000). In contrast to JH, data are accumulating to support the commonness of positive associations between brain dopamine and reproductive status across the lineages ( paper wasp, Sasaki et al, 2007;bumblebee, Bloch et al, 2000;honeybee, Harris and Woodring, 1995;ants, Penick et al, 2014 and this study). As gonadotropic effects of dopamine are also found in solitary insects (fruit fly, Neckameyer, 1996;Pendleton et al, 1996;cockroach, Pastor et al, 1991), we speculate that the gonadotropic function of dopamine is ancestral.…”