Neuritogenic and Neuroprotective Activities of Fruit Residues

Abstract

Neuritogenic and neuroprotective activities of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., Sapindaceae) and salacca (Salacca edulis Reinw., Arecaceae) pericarp, and sapodilla (Achras sapota L., Sapotaceae) and tamarind Srichompu cultivar (Tamarindus indica L., Caesalpiniaceae) seed coat extracts were evaluated on cultured cholinergic P19-derived neurons. All the extracts, at a very low concentration (1 ng/mL of litchi and salacca pericarp extracts, 10 ng/mL of sapodilla and 100 ng/mL of tamarind seed coat extracts), enhanced the survival of cultured neurons (% viability more than 100%) by XTT reduction assay. The extracts were further evaluated for their neuritogenicity by observing cell morphology by phase-contrast microscopy and neuroprotective activity in serum deprivation and pre-and co-administration of hydrogen peroxide models. The phase-contrast micrographs displayed that all of the extracts possessed neurogenic activity by promoting the neurite outgrowth of the cultured neurons. Moreover, these extracts can protect neurons from oxidative stress-caused cell death in a serum deprivation model, and prevent and protect neuron cells from the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. In this study we assured that the neuritogenic and neuroprotective activities of these extracts derived from the phenolic components and flavonoids contained in the extracts by acting as signaling molecules to enhance neuron survival and promote neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that all of the extracts are potentially sources of neuritogenic and neuroprotective components which might be used either as pharmaceutical products or dietary supplements for neurodegenerative disorder patients, for example, those suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

Neuritogenic and neuroprotective constituents fromAquilaria crassnaleaves

“…The P19 cells, a well‐known in vitro model isolated from embryonal carcinoma in mice, were differentiated into neurons by an induction of RA. The P‐19‐derived neurons were found to be irreversibly postmitotic and expressed several characteristics similar to mature central nervous system (CNS) neurons such as γ‐aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine which are particular neurotransmitters (Tadtong et al, ).…”

“…The assay was carried out on P19‐derived neurons cultured in a 96‐well plate (Tadtong et al, ; Tadtong, Meksuriyen, Tanasupawat, Isobe, & Suwanborirux, ). After 14 days of differentiation process, the α‐MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 μM Ara‐C, and 1% antibiotics‐antimycotic solution was removed and DMSO solutions of the sample, diluted with the α‐MEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics‐antimycotic solution in the presence of 10 μM Ara‐C were added to give the concentrations of 1–10,000 ng/mL.…”

“…The assays were carried out on P19‐derived neurons cultured by serum deprivation method in a 96‐well plate and performed in triplicate (Iacovitti, Stull, & Johnston, ; López‐Maderuelo, Fernández‐Renart, Moratilla, & Renart, ; Tadtong et al, ). The DMSO solution of the samples diluted with α‐MEM supplemented with 10 μM Ara‐C, and 1% antibiotics‐antimycotic solution without FBS were added to give the final concentration of the sample at concentration that enhanced survival of cultured neurons more than control.…”

“…The assay was carried out with P19‐derived neurons cultured in a six‐well plate (Iacovitti et al, ; López‐Maderuelo et al, ; Tadtong et al, ). After 14 days of differentiation process, the α‐MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 μM Ara‐C, and 1% antibiotics‐antimycotic solution was removed and DMSO solution of the sample, diluted with the α‐MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 μM Ara‐C, and 1% antibiotics‐antimycotic solution, were added to give the final concentration of the sample at concentration that enhanced survival of cultured neurons more than control.…”

“…However, the use of NGF in medicine is limited by its instability and large size to cross blood–brain barrier (BBB; Palyanova et al, ). A number of studies revealed that many secondary metabolites from natural sources are promising neuritogenic and neuroprotective agents due to their particular structure to mimic NGF function, scavenging ability, and their activation of survival genes and cell signaling pathways (Palyanova et al, ; Tadtong et al, ).…”