Neural substrates involved in the control of posture

Takakusaki, Kaoru; Takahashi, Mirai; Obara, Kazuhiro; Chiba, Ryosuke

doi:10.1080/01691864.2016.1252690

Cited by 39 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 193 publications

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“…Then motor programs are sent to the M1 so that goal-directed purposeful skilled movements can be achieved. Modified from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01691864.2016.1252690 , with permisson of Taylor & Francis [ 165 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control

Takakusaki¹

2017

JMD

Self Cite

604

545

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Here we argue functional neuroanatomy for posture-gait control. Multi-sensory information such as somatosensory, visual and vestibular sensation act on various areas of the brain so that adaptable posture-gait control can be achieved. Automatic process of gait, which is steady-state stepping movements associating with postural reflexes including headeye coordination accompanied by appropriate alignment of body segments and optimal level of postural muscle tone, is mediated by the descending pathways from the brainstem to the spinal cord. Particularly, reticulospinal pathways arising from the lateral part of the mesopontine tegmentum and spinal locomotor network contribute to this process. On the other hand, walking in unfamiliar circumstance requires cognitive process of postural control, which depends on knowledges of self-body, such as body schema and body motion in space. The cognitive information is produced at the temporoparietal association cortex, and is fundamental to sustention of vertical posture and construction of motor programs. The programs in the motor cortical areas run to execute anticipatory postural adjustment that is optimal for achievement of goal-directed movements. The basal ganglia and cerebellum may affect both the automatic and cognitive processes of posturegait control through reciprocal connections with the brainstem and cerebral cortex, respectively. Consequently, impairments in cognitive function by damages in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum may disturb posture-gait control, resulting in falling.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control

Takakusaki¹

2017

JMD

Self Cite

604

545

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“…4 Postural control is regulated by the central nervous system and involves integration of multiple sensorimotor processes, predominantly visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive in addition to the properties of the musculoskeletal system. [4][5][6] Although concussion is thought to disrupt the neural networks involved in sensorimotor processing, there is a gap in knowledge between manifestation of this clinical symptom and the role of sensorimotor input and feedback mechanisms involved in postural control dynamics. 7 In addition, there is also a lack of sensitive tools to examine subtle changes in postural control dynamics following sports-related concussion in otherwise young and healthy collegiate athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance Testing Following Concussion: Postural Sway versus Complexity Index

Purkayastha

Adair

Woodruff

et al. 2019

PM&R

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Background Although postural control deficits are common following a concussion, the current clinical assessments for postural control tend to resolve within 3 to 10 days after injury. There is a lack of sensitive tools to examine subtle changes in postural control during the recovery phase following sports‐related concussion. Only a limited number of studies have examined nonlinear dynamics of postural control; no study has examined this metric longitudinally during the recovery phase following a sports‐related concussion. Objective To examine sway and complexity index of postural control in collegiate athletes during day 3, day 21, and day 90 following a concussion and compare them with noninjured controls. Design Prospective longitudinal case‐control study. Setting University cerebrovascular research laboratory. Participants Thirty‐one male and female collegiate athletes on day 3 following a concussion. Twenty‐eight athletes returned on day 21, and 21 completed assessments on day 90. Twenty‐nine sports‐matched noninjured controls. Methods Center of pressure (COP) measurements obtained during 60‐second quiet standing on a force plate system with either eyes opened or closed. Postural sway was estimated as range and variability of COP in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral planes. Main Outcome Measurements Complexity index of AP COP utilizing multiscale entropy analysis. Results Postural sway measured as AP range (P = .03) and variability (P = .04) during quiet standing with eyes closed were higher on day 3 compared to the controls. Postural sway in the concussed group was comparable to the noninjured controls by day 21 postinjury. However, postural control dynamics utilizing complexity index was lower on day 3 (P < .001) and persisted on day 21 (P < .006) and day 90 (P < .02), despite resolution of abnormal postural sway 21 days postinjury. Conclusion Complexity index utilizing nonlinear dynamics might be a more sensitive objective biomarker for examining postural control following a concussion, with implications for return‐to‐play and interventions. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to validate this finding. Clinical Trial Number NCT02754206. Level of Evidence III.

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“…Conversely, TP always perform dynamic tasks in a less predictable context involving the cognitive processes of PBC and thus, adopting a prevalent supra-spinal postural strategy (i.e. more conscious/voluntary postural strategies) to achieve their goal-directed movements (Lajoie et al, 1993;Takakusaki, Takahashi, Obara, & Chiba, 2017). On the other hand, we can speculate the unaltered SPBC performance of END in the DT condition could be explained considering these athletes usually employed an external PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2020:04:48180:1:0:NEW 10 Jul 2020)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the external focus (i.e. counting backward aloud) could have reduced the conscious control of SPBC, in favor of those automated control mechanisms that effectively rule SPBC (Takakusaki et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Dual-tasking effects on static and dynamic postural balance performance: a comparison between endurance and team sport athletes (v0.2)"

2020

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In sports, postural balance control has been demonstrated to be one of the limiting factors of performance and a necessary component to achieve any sport technique. Team players (TP) must process and react to multiple external stimuli while executing at the same time the skills of the game. By contrast, endurance athletes (END) must perform the same gesture repetitively without a concurrent coordination of continuous stimuli-related actions. However, END are used to facilitate their physical performance by adopting cognitive strategies while performing their sport gesture. Therefore, we aimed to investigate static and dynamic balance performance in these two types of athletes, both in single and dual-task conditions. Nineteen END and sixteen TP underwent a static and a dynamic balance assessment on a dynamometric platform and an instrumented oscillating board, respectively. Among TP static but not dynamic postural balance performance was negatively affected by dual-tasking considering the area of the confidence ellipse (p < 0.001; d = 0.52) and the sway path mean speed (p < 0.001; d = 0.93). Conversely, END unaltered static balance performance but showed an overall improvement in the dynamic one when dual-tasking occurred. The limited human processing capacity accounted the worsening of the cognitive performance in both TP (p < 0.05; d = 0.22) and END (p < 0.001; d = 0.37). Although TP are more used coping dual tasking, the better performance of END could be accounted for by the employment of the external attentive focus (i.e. counting backward aloud) that called into play a strategy close to those adopted during training and competitions. These surprising results should be considered when driving and developing new trainings for team players in dual-tasking conditions.

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Neural substrates involved in the control of posture

Cited by 39 publications

References 193 publications

Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control

Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control

Balance Testing Following Concussion: Postural Sway versus Complexity Index

Peer Review #1 of "Dual-tasking effects on static and dynamic postural balance performance: a comparison between endurance and team sport athletes (v0.2)"

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