Neural repair and glial proliferation: Parallels with gliogenesis in insects

Smith, Peter J. S.; Shepherd, David; Edwards, John S.

doi:10.1002/bies.950130204

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In particular, the presence of microglia and hemocytes at the crush zone and the pattern of regrowth of axons was similar to that reported for regeneration in Aplysia (Scott et al 1997;Clatworthy and Grose 1999;Johnson et al 1999). Axonal regeneration is promoted by cells that clear debris, and elements of the sheath are repaired by cells that migrate in and/or replicate in situ guidance cues such as laminin that are secreted to structure the environment (reviews: Schwartz et al 1989;Smith et al 1991;von Bernhardi and Muller 1995;Muller and Stoll 1998).…”

Section: Responses Of Non-neuronal Cells To Nerve Crushmentioning

confidence: 61%

Neuronal and non-neuronal responses to nerve crush in a pulmonate snail, Melampus bidentatus

Bale

Howard

Moffett

2001

Invertebrate Neuroscience

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Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques were used to study sequelae of nerve injury in the pulmonate snail Melampus bidentatus. Either pedal or tentacle nerves were crushed, severing all axons, and recovery was monitored over 15 days. The axons regenerated from the segment attached to the soma, with no evidence of fusion of proximal and distal segments. The medium to large axons of central neurons, including those monitored with serotonin immunohistochemistry, grow distally across the path of smaller axons extending centrally from peripheral somata. The regions into which the growing axons projected were a focus of phagocytic activity. Cells previously labeled by PKH-26PCL, a fluorescent marker for phagocytic activity, were attracted to the crushed nerve within 6 h and were a consistent feature in the vicinity of the injury for at least 9 days, gradually extending their range as repair progressed in both directions from the crush. Repair proceeded within an intact sheath, and many sheath cells survived the crush, although the nuclear dye Hoechst 33258 revealed an initial distortion of their nuclei. The concentration of cells in the sheath in the crushed region increases after the crush, with the packing of nuclei peaking at 3 days and gradually returning to control conditions; this probably reflects migration of resident sheath cells. Cell division is rare in the sheath of intact nerves, but labeling with bromodeoxyuridine increases at the crush site between 4 and 9 days, indicating that cell replacement also occurs at the site.

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Section: Responses Of Non-neuronal Cells To Nerve Crushmentioning

confidence: 61%

Neuronal and non-neuronal responses to nerve crush in a pulmonate snail, Melampus bidentatus

Bale

Howard

Moffett

2001

Invertebrate Neuroscience

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“…If toxicity to neurons or glial cells contributes to hypokinesia, regeneration of damaged areas may be necessary for stung insects to fully recover. There is evidence that axonal regeneration and glial regeneration can occur in insects. − However, another study reported that injured axons in the adult CNS of Drosophila fail to spontaneously regenerate, indicating that neural regeneration does not always occur …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ampulexins: A New Family of Peptides in Venom of the Emerald Jewel Wasp, Ampulex compressa

et al. 2018

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The parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa injects venom directly into the brain and subesophageal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, inducing a 7 to 10 day lethargy termed hypokinesia. Hypokinesia presents as a significant reduction in both escape response and spontaneous walking. We examined aminergic and peptidergic components of milked venom with HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection confirmed the presence of dopamine in milked venom, while mass spectrometry revealed that the venom gland and venom sac have distinct peptide profiles, with milked venom predominantly composed of venom sac peptides. We isolated and characterized novel α-helical, amphipathic venom sac peptides that constitute a new family of venom toxins termed ampulexins. Injection of the most abundant venom peptide, ampulexin 1, into the subesophageal ganglion of cockroaches resulted in a short-term increase in escape threshold. Neither milked venom nor venom peptides interfered with growth of Escherichia coli or Bacillus thuringiensis on agar plates, and exposure to ampulexins or milked venom did not induce cell death in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) or Hi5 cells ( Trichoplusia ni).

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“…Neuronophagia by glia also occurs after experimentally induced damage to the CNS in invertebrates. In adult cockroaches, haemocytes are recruited to the site of injury, endogenous glia proliferate, and glia from adjacent sites migrate into sites of injury in the CNS (Smith and Howes, 1987;Treherne et al, 1988;Smith et al, 1991). After nerve injury in the segmental ganglia of the leech, microglia that are analogous to the vertebrate microglia cluster at the sites of injury and become phagocytic (Elliott and Muller, 1981).…”

Section: Role Of Cns Glia In the Removal Of Apoptotic Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages and glia participate in the removal of apoptotic neurons from the Drosophila embryonic nervous system

Sonnenfeld

Jacobs

1995

J of Comparative Neurology

103

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Cell death in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS) proceeds by apoptosis, which is revealed ultrastructurally by nuclear condensation, shrinkage of cytoplasmic volume, and preservation of intracellular organelles. Apoptotic cells do not accumulate in the CNS but are continuously removed and engulfed by phagocytic haemocytes. To determine whether embryonic glia can function as phagocytes, we studied serial electronic microscopic sections of the Drosophila CNS. Apoptotic cells in the nervous system are engulfed by a variety of glia including midline glia, interface (or longitudinal tract) glia, and nerve root glia. However, the majority of apoptotic cells in the CNS are engulfed by subperineurial glia in a fashion similar to the microglia of the vertebrate CNS. A close proximity between macrophages and subperineurial glia suggests that glia may transfer apoptotic profiles to the macrophages. Embryos affected by the maternal-effect mutation Bicaudal-D have no macrophages. In the absence of macrophages, most apoptotic cells are retained at the outer surfaces of the CNS, and subperineurial glia contain an abundance of apoptotic cells. Some apoptotic cells are expelled from the CNS, which suggests that the removal of apoptotic cells can occur in the absence of macrophages. The number of subperineurial glia is unaffected by changes in the rate of neuronal apoptosis.

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Neural repair and glial proliferation: Parallels with gliogenesis in insects

Cited by 21 publications

References 34 publications

Neuronal and non-neuronal responses to nerve crush in a pulmonate snail, Melampus bidentatus

Neuronal and non-neuronal responses to nerve crush in a pulmonate snail, Melampus bidentatus

Ampulexins: A New Family of Peptides in Venom of the Emerald Jewel Wasp, Ampulex compressa

Macrophages and glia participate in the removal of apoptotic neurons from the Drosophila embryonic nervous system

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