“…Hence, in engine development neural networks are used for control problems such as fuel injection, output performance or speed (Hafner et al, 2000;Ouladsine et al, 2004). In addition, advanced control strategies as variable turbine geometry (VGT), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or variable valve timing (VVT) have been in the focus of ANN modelling (Thompson et al, 2000). Nevertheless, the application is also used for virtual sensing such as emissions (Hanzevack, 1997;Atkinson, 2002) or as described in Prokhorov (Prokhorov, 2005) for misfire detection, torque monitoring or tyre pressure change detection.…”