“…Neural network algorithm, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm, etc., need a lot of iterative operations, and the current vehicle hardware conditions are difficult to meet the requirements. [21][22][23][24] Path planning based on geometric model includes cosine trajectory, circular trajectory, isokinetic trajectory, trapezoidal acceleration trajectory, polynomial trajectory. 15,25 These trajectory models are intuitive, accurate, and have a small amount of calculation.…”