Neural Network and Harmonic Analysis for Recovering Missing Extreme Water-Level Data during Hurricanes in Florida

An improved empirical equation for storm surge hydrographs in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A

“…To perform storm surge hydrograph analysis, time series of storm surges are separated from the astronomical tides. Harmonic analysis method (Huang and Xu, 2009) was used for the separation of storm surge and astronomical tides. The purpose of tidal harmonic analysis is to determine the amplitude and phase (the so-called tidal harmonic constants) of the individual sine waves, each of which represents a tidal constituent identified by its period.…”

“…The purpose of tidal harmonic analysis is to determine the amplitude and phase (the so-called tidal harmonic constants) of the individual sine waves, each of which represents a tidal constituent identified by its period. Tidal signals can be predicted by harmonic analysis by least square method (Boon and Kiley, 1978;Huang et al, 2002;Huang and Xu, 2009). Tidal harmonic analysis is based on a decomposition of the observed tidal elevations into basic periodic tidal harmonic components.…”

“…2). Following the approach described by Huang and Xu (2009), storm surge hydrograph can be derived by subtracting tidal water levels predicted from harmonic analysis from observed water levels during hurricane events. Storm surge hydrograph is given in Fig.…”