Neural mechanisms of swallowing: Neurophysiological and neurochemical studies on brain stem neurons in the solitary tract region

Sessle, Barry J.; Henry, James L.

doi:10.1007/bf02407148

Cited by 57 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Pharmacological and electrophysiological studies have suggested that synaptic excitatory amino acid responses in the NTS neurons are affected by multiple glutamate receptor subtypes (Andresen and Yang, 1994). A differential distribution of glutamate receptor types in the neurons of the NTS may contribute to the functional variations seen within different systems (Henry and Sessle, 1985;Hashim and Bieger, 1989;Sessle and Henry, 1989;Kessler et al, 1990;Tell and Jean, 1991a,b;Andresen and Yang, 1994;Pierrefiche et al, 1994). For example, NMDA and non-NMDA receptors have been reported to have distinct roles in timing mechanisms and transmission in the feline respiratory network (Pierrefiche et al, 1994).…”

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confidence: 96%

Glutamate receptor subunits in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and other regions of the medulla oblongata in the cat

et al. 1998

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The nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) is a primary termination zone for laryngeal, gustatory, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other visceral afferents. Although considerable information is available on the neurochemical aspects of the NTS in general, very little is known about glutamate receptors that may underlie many of the different functions mediated by the NTS. In addition, most previous glutamate receptor distribution studies were performed in the rat, whereas the cat, the subject of many physiological experiments involving the NTS, has received little attention. In the present study, the immunohistochemical distribution of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-selective glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1 in the cat caudal brainstem was investigated by using subunit-specific antibodies. In the NTS, statistically significant differences were seen in the distribution of each antibody. Highest labeling was seen for GluR2/3 in most subnuclei, whereas GluR1-immunoreactive neurons were found more frequently than were NR1- or GluR4-immunoreactive neurons. GluR1 immunolabeling was particularly high in the interstitial subnucleus, whereas GluR2/3 immunolabeling was particularly high in the intermediate subnucleus. Qualitatively, labeling for GluR4 was most common in glia. The present results indicate that glutamate receptors show different subunit distributions in the subnuclei of the NTS and in other adjacent structures. This finding suggests that neurons in these structures are designed to respond differently to excitatory input.

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confidence: 96%

Glutamate receptor subunits in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and other regions of the medulla oblongata in the cat

et al. 1998

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“…Tumors that can induce dysphagia in this manner include brainstem glioma, brainstem metastases, ependymoma, choroid plexus papilloma, large pineal region tumors (i.e., pinealoma, astrocytoma), and neoplasms of the cerebellopontine angle such as acoustic schwannoma and meningioma. Direct tumor compression causes impairment of the brainstem circuitry that underlies swallowing, including the nucleus tractus solitarius, ventromedial reticular formation, and cranial nerve motor efferents (V 3 , VII, IX, X, XII, and ansa cervicalis) [72][73][74]. Other reports contend that unilateral, supratentorial tumors can also cause dysphagia [75,76].…”

Section: Dysphagia and Swallowing Disordersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Symptom Management and Supportive Care of the Patient With Brain Metastases

Newton

2007

Brain Metastases

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The focus of care for patients with brain metastases will always be on therapeutic options such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, proper symptom management and supportive care of non-therapeutic issues will be equally as important, including treatment of seizures, use of anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, and gastric acid inhibitors, assessment of swallowing dysfunction, treatment of thromboembolic events, appropriate use and safe application of anticoagulation, and evaluation of psychiatric issues. Appropriate management of these supportive aspects of patient care will improve overall quality of life and allow the patient and family to more easily concentrate on treatment.

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“…Ninth, certain chemicals injected within this dorsal region markedly affect swallowing [11,12]. Microinjections of chemicals through pipettes into the dorsal region indicate that certain chemicals powerfully evoke swallowing whereas others inhibit its reflex elicitation (Fig.…”

Section: Dorsal Regionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The search for the central swallowing pathway: The quest for clarity

Miller

1993

Dysphagia

106

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As the work of Dr. Martin Donner has brought a clarity to understanding swallowing, so has the work of various neuroscientists, including that of a Nobel Laureate, in providing us with a better comprehension of this complex motor pattern. Understanding the neural control of swallowing has been a process that has occurred during this century in which several investigators, primarily from Europe, Japan, Canada, and the United States, have brought their perspectives in applying particular techniques to decipher how the central and peripheral nervous system control swallowing. Swallowing represents a complex muscular response of the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal regions which are integrated to provide an effective functional pattern that prepares and transports food while simultaneously protecting the airway. This adaptation of the upper gastrointestinal tract in mammals has been extensively studied peripherally by two methods: recording from the peripheral nerves and muscles, and stimulating peripheral nerves and their receptive fields that can induce the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing. The study of the peripheral nervous system has provided insight into the sensory receptive fields that evoke or facilitate swallowing, and has established the first serious evidence of the all-or-none sequential contraction pattern of the oropharyngeal and esophageal muscles. It has been these electromyographic studies of the muscles that has established much of the criteria for evaluating the central swallowing pathway. Five techniques have been applied to the central nervous system to study swallowing and include lesioning or destroying discrete regions to determine how swallowing is impaired or modified, electrically stimulating the central neural tissue to determine the type of effects on swallowing, recording from the central neural tissue with macro- and microelectrodes to ascertain when neurons respond in timing to the peripheral muscle activity during swallowing, applying pharmacological agents through micropipettes which could mimic or inhibit potential transmitters, and using immunochemical techniques to tag specific chemicals that could be transmitters used by the neurons in the central swallowing pathway. These various techniques have provided insight into how the central swallowing pathway is organized but the details of the central control are still in the process of being defined and will require as much effort this next century as has been previously developed over the past 90 years.

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Neural mechanisms of swallowing: Neurophysiological and neurochemical studies on brain stem neurons in the solitary tract region

Cited by 57 publications

References 146 publications

Glutamate receptor subunits in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and other regions of the medulla oblongata in the cat

Glutamate receptor subunits in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and other regions of the medulla oblongata in the cat

Symptom Management and Supportive Care of the Patient With Brain Metastases

The search for the central swallowing pathway: The quest for clarity

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