Neural Mechanisms for Binocular Depth, Rivalry and Multistability

Dichoptic Viewing Methods for Binocular Rivalry Research: Prospects for Large-Scale Clinical and Genetic Studies

“…Indeed, this perceptual transition between stereopsis and BR (e.g., Buckthought et al, 2008; see also Buckthought & Mendola, 2012) has yet to be capitalized upon in electrophysiological and brain-imaging studies to help identify the neural locus of ambiguity resolution during rivalry, either in humans or other species (e.g., cats; see Sengpiel, 2013); and (3) as with HMDs (above), ATS models with eye-tracking equipment (e.g., HHI 'Free2C 3D-Display') could potentially be further developed with software functions to present BR stimuli that induce OKN, which are detected by the eye-tracking device for analysis to provide BR data output. The hands-free capability of such a system similarly enables examination of simultaneous postural (vestibular), motor, and proprioceptive manipulations on rivalry perception and dynamics, while the glasses-free feature of ATS displays offers an additional advantage, for example, of employing concurrent brain stimulation protocols (TMS, tDCS/tACS/tRNS/GVS; see section 'Compatibility With Brain Stimulation Techniques').…”

“…Finally, along with such studies of BR, other areas for collaborative research with 3D display technology developers that warrant consideration include the following: (1) further characterization of the relationship between stereopsis and BR (e.g., for overview, see Blake & Wilson, 2011;Howard & Rogers, 2012) and applying computational modeling of their co-occurrence (e.g., Bruce & Tsotsos, 2013;Hayashi et al, 2004) for the purpose of eliminating BR during stereoscopic 3D viewing (see also section 'Application of Technology: Research and Development for Stereopsis and BR'); (2) using different dichoptic display types to characterize individual variation of and human factors involved in interocular stimulus parameter differences that disrupt binocular fusion and induce BR (see also section 'Application of Technology: Research and Development for Stereopsis and BR). Indeed, this perceptual transition between stereopsis and BR (e.g., Buckthought et al, 2008; see also Buckthought & Mendola, 2012) has yet to be capitalized upon in electrophysiological and brain-imaging studies to help identify the neural locus of ambiguity resolution during rivalry, either in humans or other species (e.g., cats; see Sengpiel, 2013); and (3) as with HMDs (above), ATS models with eye-tracking equipment (e.g., HHI 'Free2C 3D-Display') could potentially be further developed with software functions to present BR stimuli that induce OKN, which are detected by the eye-tracking device for analysis to provide BR data output. The hands-free capability of such a system similarly enables examination of simultaneous postural (vestibular), motor, and proprioceptive manipulations on rivalry perception and dynamics, while the glasses-free feature of ATS displays offers an additional advantage, for example, of employing concurrent brain stimulation protocols (TMS, tDCS/tACS/tRNS/GVS; see section 'Compatibility With Brain Stimulation Techniques').…”

“…More recently, electrophysiological and brain-imaging studies in both humans and animals have used the phenomenon as a powerful tool to dissociate neural activity mediating states of visual consciousness during rivalry from that associated with the constant visual input (Blake & Logothetis, 2002; Crick & Koch, 1998; Miller, 2013). In humans, brain-imaging studies of BR have revealed perception-dependent activity in lateral geniculate nucleus and early visual cortex through to temporal, parietal, and frontal lobe regions, while rivalry alternations are associated with right-sided frontoparietal activation for BR and other bistable phenomena (Buckthought & Mendola, 2012; Sterzer, 2013). Rivalry phenomena have also been examined in animals, including cats (e.g., Fries et al, 1997; Sengpiel & Vorobyov, 2005), monkeys (e.g., Keliris et al, 2010; Maier et al, 2008; Panagiotaropoulos et al, 2012), mice (Zhang et al, 2012), and even fruit flies (e.g., Heisenberg & Wolf, 1984; Tang & Juusola, 2010; reviewed in Miller et al, 2012).…”

“…In humans, brain-imaging studies of BR have revealed perception-dependent activity in lateral geniculate nucleus and early visual cortex through to temporal, parietal, and frontal lobe regions, while rivalry alternations are associated with right-sided frontoparietal activation for BR and other bistable phenomena (Buckthought & Mendola, 2012;Sterzer, 2013). Rivalry phenomena have also been examined in animals, including cats (e.g., Fries et al, 1997;Sengpiel & Vorobyov, 2005), monkeys (e.g., Keliris et al, 2010;Maier et al, 2008;Panagiotaropoulos et al, 2012), mice , and even fruit flies (e.g., Heisenberg & Wolf, 1984;Tang & Juusola, 2010;reviewed in Miller et al, 2012).…”