Neural markers of remission in first-episode schizophrenia: A volumetric neuroimaging study of the hippocampus and amygdala

Bodnar, Michael; Malla, Ashok; Czechowska, Yvonne; Benoit, Audrey; Fathalli, Ferid; Joober, Ridha; Pruessner, Marita; Pruessner, Jens C.; Lepage, Martín

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.013

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…However, these results provide a key extension: by examining different phases of illness, present findings demonstrated that patients more proximal to their illness onset (mean illness duration = 4.27 months) had smaller bilateral amygdala mean volumetric ratios than the HCS and HR groups. Previous studies have shown mixed results, with patients in the early phase of illness exhibiting amygdala volumes that are either smaller (Joyal et al, 2003; Watson et al, 2012b; Witthaus et al, 2009), or similar (Bodnar et al, 2010; Vita et al, 2006) to healthy controls and those at high-risk for schizophrenia. Meta-analytic findings are similarly mixed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies has shown decreased left amygdala volumes in patients with chronic, compared to first-episode, schizophrenia (Chan et al, 2011), though an earlier meta-analysis demonstrated similarly decreased left amygdala volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia (Ellison-Wright et al, 2008). Differing methodologies across studies may account for these differences, as many of these studies examined raw amygdala volume (Bodnar et al, 2010; Joyal et al, 2003; Watson et al, 2012b), or used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses (Chan et al, 2011; Ellison-Wright et al, 2008; Witthaus et al, 2009). A prior volumetric study across illness phases demonstrated bilateral amygdala enlargement among patients with a non-schizophrenic first-episode of psychosis only, compared to healthy subjects, and found no differences in amygdala volume between healthy control subjects and those with first-episode schizophrenia (Velakoulis et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Rich

Cho

Tang

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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Subcortical structural alterations have been implicated in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Yet, the extent of anatomical alterations for subcortical structures across illness phases remains unknown. To assess this, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine volume differences of major subcortical structures: thalamus, nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala and hippocampus. These differences were examined across four groups: i) healthy comparison subjects (HCS, n=96); ii) individuals at high risk (HR, n=21) for schizophrenia; iii) early-course schizophrenia patients (EC-SCZ, n=28); and iv) chronic schizophrenia patients (C-SCZ, n=20). Raw gray matter volumes and volumetric ratios (volume of specific structure / total gray matter volume) were extracted using automated segmentation tools. EC-SCZ group exhibited smaller bilateral amygdala volumetric ratios, compared to HCS and HR subjects. Findings did not change when corrected for age, level of education and medication use. Amygdala raw volumes did not differ among groups once adjusted for multiple comparisons, but the smaller amygdala volumetric ratio in EC-SCZ survived Bonferroni correction. Other structures were not different across the groups following Bonferroni correction. Smaller amygdala volumes during early illness course may reflect pathophysiologic changes specific to illness development, including disrupted salience processing and acute stress responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Rich

Cho

Tang

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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“…It is apparent early in the course of psychosis, and further progression of structural abnormalities is observed as the illness evolves ( Pantelis et al, 2003 ; Steen et al, 2006 ). Hippocampal volume reduction has been implicated in various aspects of the pathophysiology of psychosis including symptom severity ( Bodnar et al, 2010 ; Watson et al, 2012 ), cognitive function and insight ( Buchy et al, 2010 ; Harrison, 2004 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced hippocampal volume and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis function in first episode psychosis: Evidence for sex differences

Pruessner

Lepage

Collins

et al. 2015

NeuroImage: Clinical

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BackgroundHippocampal volume (HV) decline is an important marker of psychosis and has been associated with hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in various disorders. Given recent findings of sex differences in HPA axis function in psychosis, the current study investigated differences in HV in male and female first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and controls and the interaction of HV with the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and symptoms.MethodsFifty-eight patients with a diagnosis of FEP (39 men, 19 women) and 27 healthy community controls (15 men, 12 women) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a 1.5 T scanner. Hippocampal volume was determined using previously established segmentation protocols. Saliva samples for cortisol assessment were collected at 0, 30 and 60 min after awakening. Psychotic symptoms were assessed with the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale.ResultsMale patients had significantly smaller left and right HVs compared to male controls, which appeared to be secondary to global brain volume differences. However, even when controlling for overall brain size, male patients showed smaller HV compared to female patients. The CAR was significantly lower in male patients compared to male controls and female patients. Only in male patients, smaller left HV was significantly associated with a blunted CAR, and smaller HV bilaterally was related to positive psychotic symptoms and lower levels of functioning.ConclusionsWe propose that reduced hippocampal volume and an attenuated cortisol awakening response are related markers of increased stress vulnerability in male psychosis patients and that both contribute to the unfavorable clinical picture in men.

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“…Using a voxel based morphology (VBM) method, the size of the amygdala and hippocampus was assessed for each monkey (Bodnar, et al, 2010, Woodward, et al, 2006). Monkeys were fasted the night before and the morning of the MRI experiments for the anesthesia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of anxiety, amygdala volumes, and hippocampal scopolamine phMRI response in elderly female rhesus macaques

Haley¹,

McGuire²,

Berteau-Pavy³

et al. 2012

Neuropharmacology

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In nonhuman primates, anxiety levels are typically assessed by observing social hierarchies or behavior in an intruder task. As measures of anxiety might influence performance on a particular cognitive task, it is important to analyze these measures in the same room as used for the cognitive task. As we use a playroom for the spatial maze test, we classified elderly female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) monkeys, as bold or reserved monkeys based on the time spent in specific areas of this room. Based on their exploratory behavior in the playroom, bold monkeys were defined as animals that spent 20% more time in the unprotected areas of the room than in the protected areas, whereas reserved monkeys spent a comparable amount of time in both areas. MRI analyses showed that reserved monkeys had a smaller amygdala compared to bold monkeys but there were no group differences in hippocampal volumes. In addition, the amount of time spent in the corners of the room was negatively correlated with the right and total amygdala size. Finally, reserved monkeys showed a lower phMRI response to the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine compared to the bold monkeys. Thus, in elderly female nonhuman primates measures of anxiety are associated with structural amygdala differences and hippocampal muscarinic receptor function.

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Neural markers of remission in first-episode schizophrenia: A volumetric neuroimaging study of the hippocampus and amygdala

Cited by 30 publications

References 58 publications

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Reduced hippocampal volume and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis function in first episode psychosis: Evidence for sex differences

Measures of anxiety, amygdala volumes, and hippocampal scopolamine phMRI response in elderly female rhesus macaques

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