Neural implications of different profiles between treadmill and overground locomotion timings in cats

Wetzel, Mary C.; Atwater, Anne E.; Wait, John V.; Stuart, Debbie

doi:10.1152/jn.1975.38.3.492

Cited by 75 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…The duration of these high velocities is brief, however, falling within the period of blinks observed in this study and reported for other monkey (Macaca) species (Baker et al, 2002;Porter et al, 1993). Other studies comparing treadmill and overground locomotion in humans and quadrupeds also reveal differences, though less dramatic, in angular and linear displacements (Alton et al, 1998;Barrey et al, 1993;Nigg et al, 1995;Stolz et al, 1997;Vogt et al, 2002), as well as in temporal characteristics (e.g., Alton et al, 1998;Barrey et al, 1993;Buchner et al, 1994;Nelson et al, 1972;Stolze et al, 1997;Wetzel and Stuart, 1976;Wetzel et al, 1975) and generated forces (White et al, 1998).…”

Section: Comparison Of Head and Trunk Rotations During Treadmillsupporting

confidence: 81%

Stabilization and mobility of the head and trunk in vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops) during treadmill walks and gallops

Dunbar

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The brain requires internal or external reference frames to determine body orientation in space. These frames may change, however, to meet changing conditions. During quadrupedal overground locomotion by monkeys, the head rotates on a stabilized trunk during walking, but the trunk rotates on a stabilized head during galloping. Do the same movement patterns occur during in-place locomotion? Head and trunk pitch rotations were measured, and yaw and roll rotations estimated from cine films of three adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops L. 1758) walking and galloping quadrupedally on a treadmill. Head and trunk rotational patterns during treadmill walks were comparable to the patterns found during overground walks. The rotational velocities of these segments during both treadmill walks and gallops were also comparable to the velocities found during natural locomotion. By contrast, whereas head and trunk rotational patterns during treadmill gallops did occur that were comparable to the patterns practiced during overground gallops, a significantly different pattern involving large and simultaneous head and trunk rotations was more commonly observed. Simultaneous head and trunk rotations may be possible during treadmill gallops because the fixed visual surround is providing an adequate spatial reference frame. Alternatively, or in addition to this visual information, a re-weighting in other sensory modalities may be occurring. Specifically, the vestibular inputs used during overground locomotion to reference gravity or a gravity-derived vector may become less important than proprioceptive inputs that are using the treadmill belt surface as a reference. Regardless, the spatial reference frame being used, blinks that occur at specific times during the largest head yaw rotations may be necessary to avoid the initiation of unwanted and potentially destabilizing lateral sway brought on by sudden increases in optic flow velocity.

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Section: Comparison Of Head and Trunk Rotations During Treadmillsupporting

confidence: 81%

Stabilization and mobility of the head and trunk in vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops) during treadmill walks and gallops

Dunbar

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…3). The discrepancy may be due to differences m the motor aspects of the two stepping modes whmh exist but have not been covered by our limited measurements (Wetzel et al 1975). There might also be differences m the sensory aspects which characterise the two modes of stepping, Influencing the hlppocampal EEG.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. II. Hippocampal EEG correlates with elementary motor acts

Arnolds

Silva

Aitink

et al. 1979

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology

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In previous studies (Lopes da Silva and Kamp 1969;Kamp et al. 1971;Arnolds et al. 1979), we have shown that there is a significant rhythmicity in the theta band of the dog's hippocampal EEG in the majority of behavioural states investigated (e.g. lying down, standing, eating, walking) and that transitions in motor behawour are correlated with shifts m amphtude, frequency and rhythmmity of the theta component m the hlppocampal EEG. These results m combination with data from the literature concerning rats, rabbits and cats Kemp and Kaada 1975) suggest that the spectral propertms of the dog's hlppocampal EEG reflect motor activity and sensory inputs in a non-specific but predmtable way, as was argued in our previous work Arnolds et al. 1979). In order to substantiate this notion further we designed an experiment to determine whether the mtenslty of motor behavmur is reflected m the hippocampal EEG (part I of this study).The motor behavioural correlates of the hlppocampal EEG are described in many cases m the hterature at the level of goal-d~rected behaviour (walkmg towards or away from a goal) or m the context of particular mot1- This led us to mvestlgate whether such elementary motor acts would also be correlated with the properties of the hippocampal EEG. Thus m parts II and III of this study we describe the hippocampal EEG correlate~of steps, sighs, and of a motor reflex. This paper is based on an mtensive longitudinal study of 2 dogs. This approach allows a precise comparison of the EEG and behavlOUt recorded in different but exactly reproducible situations m the same animal. A prehminary report on these mvestlgatlons has been pubhshed elsewhere . In both dogs the electrodes were placed in the caudal 'knee' of the hlppocampus near the CAl-subiculum border. The positions from which we recorded are indicated m Fig. 1 by round black dots. In Fig. 1B the squares indmate the positions of some other electrode tips in the same bundle. The uppermost yielded large amphtude theta rhythm with important high frequency components. The tip located m the pyramidal cell layer yielded a rather irregular EEG of smaller amplitude while the electrodes below the pyramidal cells all gave a highly isomorphm clear rhythmm slow activity (RSA). Hence one of these was used for analysis.

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“…However, variability in FL or HL values was frequently found to result from treadmill locomotion, especially in small mammals. Limb coordination may be influenced by a permanent adjustment of the speed of the animal to treadmill speed, as shown for various kinematic parameters in many studies (Wetzel et al, 1975;Eliot and Blanksby, 1976;Alton et al, 1993;Barrey et al, 1993;Wank et al, 1998;Dunbar, 2004;Herbin et al, 2007).…”

Section: Relationship Between Temporal and Spatial Coordination And Tmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Indeed, the pairs of limbs are not in the same position on the anteroposterior axis, translating the (Wetzel et al, 1975); spatial movement of the hind pair back a trunk length of the animal with respect to the spatial movement of the fore pair. By trunk length, we mean the distance between the shoulder and the hip -this was measured in a static posture, using marks made on the skin of the dogs from the caudal angle of the scapula to the hip (estimated by palpation).…”

Section: D Maes and Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed

Maes

Herbin

Hackert

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

100

101

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SUMMARYOnly a few studies on quadrupedal locomotion have investigated symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in the same framework because the mechanisms underlying these two types of gait seem to be different and it took a long time to identify a common set of parameters for their simultaneous study. Moreover, despite the clear importance of the spatial dimension in animal locomotion, the relationship between temporal and spatial limb coordination has never been quantified before. We used anteroposterior sequence (APS) analysis to analyse 486 sequences from five malinois (Belgian shepherd) dogs moving at a large range of speeds (from 0.4 to 10.0·m·s -1 ) to compare symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits through kinematic and limb coordination parameters. Considerable continuity was observed in cycle characteristics, from walk to rotary gallop, but at very high speeds an increase in swing duration reflected the use of sagittal flexibility of the vertebral axis to increase speed. This change occurred after the contribution of the increase in stride length had become the main element driving the increase in speed -i.e. when the dogs had adopted asymmetrical gaits. As the left and right limbs of a pair are linked to the same rigid structure, spatial coordination within pairs of limbs reflected the temporal coordination within pairs of limbs whatever the speed. By contrast, the relationship between the temporal and spatial coordination between pairs of limb was found to depend on speed and trunk length. For trot and rotary gallop, this relationship was thought also to depend on the additional action of trunk flexion and leg angle at footfall.

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Neural implications of different profiles between treadmill and overground locomotion timings in cats

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Stabilization and mobility of the head and trunk in vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops) during treadmill walks and gallops

Stabilization and mobility of the head and trunk in vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops) during treadmill walks and gallops

Hippocampal EEG and behaviour in dog. II. Hippocampal EEG correlates with elementary motor acts

Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed

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