“…In the current study, all dual-systems constructs were uncorrelated with subcortical structural volume. While prior evidence of associations between bottom-up constructs and subcortical structural volume has been limited to mixed findings of generally small effect (e.g., Holmes et al, 2016;Owens et al, 2020Owens et al, , 2022, functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated a wider range of findings including unique patterns of connectivity across frontostriatal pathways (Burnette et al, 2019;Demidenko, Huntley, Weigard, Keating, & Beltz, 2022;Hawes et al, 2017;Um, Hummer, & Cyders, 2020;Zhu, Cortes, Mathur, Tomasi, & Momenan, 2017). In aggregate, current study findings suggest further research validating bottom-up constructs from neuroimaging and genetic perspectives is needed, though the consistency reported here with prior research and ongoing efforts to increase neuroimaging sample sizes highlight the promise of this approach (Marek et al, 2022).…”