16Physiological methods have identified a number of signatures of temporal prediction, a core 17 component of attention. While the underlying neural dynamics have been linked to activity within 18 cortico-striatal networks, recent work has shown that the behavioral benefits of temporal prediction 19 causally rely on the cerebellum. Here we examine the involvement of the human cerebellum in the 20 generation and/or temporal adjustment of anticipatory neural dynamics, measuring scalp 21 electroencephalography in individuals with cerebellar degeneration. When the temporal prediction 22 relied on an interval representation, duration-dependent adjustments were impaired in the 23 cerebellar group compared to matched controls. This impairment was evident in ramping activity, 24 beta-band power, and phase locking of delta-band activity. Remarkably, these same neural 25 adjustments were preserved when the prediction relied on a rhythmic stream. Thus, the cerebellum 26 has a context-specific causal role in the adjustment of anticipatory neural dynamics of temporal 27 prediction, providing the requisite modulation to optimize behavior. 28 29 30 31 cerebellum. By this "cerebellar independent" model, EEG patterns in the CD group would be 77 similar to those observed in control participants.
78A second goal was to address the current debate in the literature regarding the context 79 specificity of these neural signatures of temporal prediction [35][36][37][38][39]. Increased delta-band phase 80 locking has been interpreted as reflecting rhythm-specific prediction mechanisms, such as the 81 entrainment of endogenous oscillations [3,4,21]. However, similar neural adjustments are 82 observed for aperiodic streams that enable interval-based prediction [6]. This has motivated the 83 hypothesis that rhythmic predictions may be mediated by the repeated operation of an interval-84 based mechanism given that a periodic stream consists of a series of concatenated intervals.
85Alternatively, similar neural adjustments in rhythm-and interval-based contexts may result from 86 common downstream processes that are driven by context-specific mechanisms. Our previous 87 study [29] provided behavioral evidence consistent with the latter hypothesis, with different 88 subcortical pathologies producing dissociable context-specific impairments. It remains to be seen 89 if similar dissociations are evident in terms of these neural signatures.
90Comparing the EEG patterns of interval-and rhythm-based prediction within the CD group 91 provides a novel way to address this issue. Behaviorally, we expected to replicate our previous 92 dissociation, observing a selective deficit in the interval-based condition, with performance similar 93 to matched controls on the rhythm-based condition [28]. For each neural pattern that is impaired 94 in interval-based prediction, finding a comparable impairment in rhythm-based prediction would 95 suggest that it is driven by cerebellar-dependent interval-based mechanisms, even in rhythmic 96 contexts. In contrast, fin...