Neural Dynamics of Event Segmentation in Music: Converging Evidence for Dissociable Ventral and Dorsal Networks

Sridharan, Devarajan; Levitin, Daniel J.; Chafe, Chris; Berger, Jonah; Menon, Vinod

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.003

Cited by 161 publications

(129 citation statements)

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“…Whereas most of the neurophysiological research on event perception involves visual events, a new study by Sridharan et al [21] investigated the perception of event structure in music. This study examined the extent to which musically untrained listeners use transitions between movements to segment classical pieces into coarse-grained events.…”

Section: Neurophysiological Evidence For Automaticity Of Event Segmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sound wave is plotted, and the breaks between movements are illustrated with red lines. In [21], musically untrained participants listened to two 8-10-min segments of symphonies by William Boyce, consisting of movements lasting an average of 1 min and 10 s, while their brain activity was recorded using fMRI. (b) A ventral network including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and posterior temporal cortex (TEMPORAL) increased in activity first at movement boundaries.…”

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors interpreted these data by suggesting that the response of the ventral network reflected the processing of violations of musical expectancy, whereas the response of the dorsal network reflected consequent top-down modulation of the processing of new musical information. Reproduced, with permission, from [21].…”

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segmentation in the perception and memory of events

Kurby

Zacks

2008

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

560

523

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People make sense of continuous streams of observed behavior in part by segmenting them into events. Event segmentation seems to be an ongoing component of everyday perception. Events are segmented simultaneously at multiple timescales, and are grouped hierarchically. Activity in brain regions including the posterior temporal and parietal cortex and lateral frontal cortex increases transiently at event boundaries. The parsing of ongoing activity into events is related to the updating of working memory, to the contents of long-term memory, and to the learning of new procedures. Event segmentation might arise as a side effect of an adaptive mechanism that integrates information over the recent past to improve predictions about the near future. Making sense by segmentingImagine walking with a friend to a coffee shop. If asked to describe this activity in more detail you might list a few of the events that make it up. The events listed could be broken up by changes in the physical features of the activity, such as location: 'We started out by going down to the laboratory. We grabbed our coats and put them on. Then we walked out of the building to the corner by the subway station…' Or, they could be broken up by changes in conceptual features, such as your goals: 'We started our walk talking about how much construction is going on. When the topic turned to the new building with the coffee shop we decided to head over there to give it a try…' Such descriptions are typical of how people talk about events, and they illustrate something important about perception: people make sense of a complex dynamic world in part by segmenting it into a modest number of meaningful units. Recent research on event perception reveals that, as an ongoing part of normal perception, people segment activity into events and subevents. This segmentation is related to core functions of cognitive control and memory encoding, and is subserved by isolable neural mechanisms. Events and their boundariesBy 'event' we mean a segment of time at a given location that is conceived by an observer to have a beginning and an end [1]. In particular we focus on the events that make up everyday life on the timescale of a few seconds to tens of minutes -things like opening an envelope, pouring coffee into a cup, changing the diaper of a baby or calling a friend on the phone. Event Segmentation Theory (EST) [2] (see Glossary) proposes that perceptual systems spontaneously segment activity into events as a side effect of trying to anticipate upcoming information (see Box 1). When perceptual or conceptual features of the activity change, prediction becomes more difficult and errors in prediction increase transiently. At such points, people update memory representations of 'what is happening now'. The processing cascade of detecting a

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Section: Neurophysiological Evidence For Automaticity Of Event Segmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segmentation in the perception and memory of events

Kurby

Zacks

2008

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

560

523

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“…Likewise, right-hemispheric predominance has been implicated in a stream segmentation study in natural settings which engaged a ventral network (including the recruitment of vlPFC [BA47, 44/45] for detecting salient events, and dorsal network (including dlPFC [BA9]) for maintaining attention and updating WM (Sridharan, Levitin, Chafe, Berger, & Menon, 2007). These same regions were observed in the present study to be active in music-driven WM, and in fact it seems sensible to consider these segmentation processes as sharing brain circuits with WM, since stream segmentation into perceptually meaningful chunks is a necessary requirement for WM encoding.…”

Section: Hemispheric Specializationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of brain activity underlying working memory for music in a naturalistic condition

Burunat

Alluri

Toiviainen

et al. 2014

Cortex

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Sivumäärä -Number of pages 70Tiivistelmä -Abstract Working memory (WM) is at the core of any cognitive function as it is necessary for the integration of information over time. Despite WM's critical role in high-level cognitive functions, its implementation in the neural tissue is poorly understood. Preliminary studies on auditory WM show differences between linguistic and musical memory, leading to the speculation of specific neural networks encoding memory for music. Moreover, in neuroscience WM has not been studied in naturalistic listening conditions but rather in artificial settings (e.g., n-back and Sternberg tasks). Western tonal music provides naturally occurring motivic repetition and variation, recognizable units serving as WM trigger, thus allowing us to study the phenomenon of motif-tracking in the context of real music. Adopting a modern tango as stimulus, behavioural methods were used to identify the stimulus motifs and build a time-course predictor of WM neural responses. This predictor was then correlated with the participants' functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal obtained during a continuous listening condition. Neural correlates related to the sensory processing of a set of musical features were filtered out from the brain responses to music to aid in the exclusive recruitment of executive processes of music-related WM. Correlational analysis revealed a widely distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas, predominantly right-lateralized, responding to the WM condition, including ventral and dorsal areas in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic areas. Significant subcortical processing areas, active in response to the WM condition, were pruned with the removal of the acoustic content, suggesting these music-related perceptual processing areas might aid in the encoding and retrieval of WM. The pattern of dispersed neural activity indicates WM to emerge coherently from the integration of distributed neural activity spread out over different brain subsystems (motoric-, cognitive-and sensory-related areas of the brain).Asiasanat -Keywords working memory; cognitive neuroscience; music; musical motifs; functional magnetic resonance imaging ( Lashley was attempting to identify the locus of memory within the cortex, and, to do so, first trained rats to run mazes, and then removed various cortical regions. He allowed the animals to recover and tested the retention of the maze-running skills. To his surprise it was not possible to find a particular region corresponding to the ability to remember the way through a maze. Instead all the rats which had had cortex regions removed suffered some kind of impairment, and the extent of the impairment was roughly proportional to the amount of cortex taken off. Removing cortex damaged the motor and sensory capacities of the animals, and they would limp, hop, roll, or stagger, but somehow they always managed to traverse the maze. So far as memory 'as concerned, the cortex appeared to be equipotential, that is, with all regions of eq...

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“…In the first experiment, we scanned 18 participants as they listened with focused attention to classical music symphonies inside the scanner. We analyzed brain responses during the occurrence of ''movement transitions:'' salient, orienting events arising from transitions between adjacent ''movements'' in the music (19). To specifically elucidate the role of the FIC in driving network changes, we used chronometry and Granger Causality Analysis (GCA), to provide information about the dynamics and directionality of signaling in cortical circuits (20)(21)(22).…”

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confidence: 99%

A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks

Sridharan

Levitin

Menon

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Cognitively demanding tasks that evoke activation in the brain's central-executive network (CEN) have been consistently shown to evoke decreased activation (deactivation) in the default-mode network (DMN). The neural mechanisms underlying this switch between activation and deactivation of large-scale brain networks remain completely unknown. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the mechanisms underlying switching of brain networks in three different experiments. We first examined this switching process in an auditory event segmentation task. We observed significant activation of the CEN and deactivation of the DMN, along with activation of a third network comprising the right fronto-insular cortex (rFIC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), when participants perceived salient auditory event boundaries. Using chronometric techniques and Granger causality analysis, we show that the rFIC-ACC network, and the rFIC, in particular, plays a critical and causal role in switching between the CEN and the DMN. We replicated this causal connectivity pattern in two additional experiments: (i) a visual attention ''oddball'' task and (ii) a task-free resting state. These results indicate that the rFIC is likely to play a major role in switching between distinct brain networks across task paradigms and stimulus modalities. Our findings have important implications for a unified view of network mechanisms underlying both exogenous and endogenous cognitive control.brain networks ͉ cognitive control ͉ insula ͉ attention ͉ prefrontal cortex O ne distinguishing feature of the human brain, compared with brains lower on the phylogenetic ladder, is the amount of cognitive control available for selecting, switching, and attending to salient events in the environment. Recent research suggests that the human brain is intrinsically organized into distinct functional networks that support these processes (1-4). Analysis of resting-state functional connectivity, using both model-based and model-free approaches, has suggested the existence of at least three canonical networks: (i) a centralexecutive network (CEN), whose key nodes include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC); (ii) the default-mode network (DMN), which includes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC); and (iii) a salience network (SN), which includes the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and anterior insula (jointly referred to as the fronto-insular cortex; FIC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (1, 2, 4, 5). During the performance of cognitively demanding tasks, the CEN and SN typically show increases in activation whereas the DMN shows decreases in activation (1, 2, 6). However, what remains unknown is the crucial issue of how the operation of these networks, identified in the resting state, relate to their function during cognitive information processing. Furthermore, the cognitive control mechanisms that mediate concurrent activation and deactiva...

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Neural Dynamics of Event Segmentation in Music: Converging Evidence for Dissociable Ventral and Dorsal Networks

Cited by 161 publications

References 46 publications

Segmentation in the perception and memory of events

Segmentation in the perception and memory of events

Dynamics of brain activity underlying working memory for music in a naturalistic condition

A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks

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