Neural correlates of deductive reasoning: An ERP study with the Wason Selection Task

Cutmore, Timothy; Halford, Graeme S.; Wang, Ya; Ramm, Brentyn J.; Spokes, Tara; Shum, David

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.004

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Such a P3 decrease with task difficulty has already been reported in other studies [e.g. Cutmore et al, 2015; and it has been suggested that the P3 amplitude depends on the attentional resources left over by the primary task [Polich, 2007;Schub€ o et al, 2001]. Supporting this assumption, we found that this difference was due to a higher activation of the cuneus (BA 19 in the stimulus-locked P3 and BA18 in the response-locked P3) in the automatic task as compared with the control task.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The system neurophysiological basis of non‐adaptive cognitive control: Inhibition of implicit learning mediated by right prefrontal regions

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Steenbergen

Colzato

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

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Cognitive control is adaptive in the sense that it inhibits automatic processes to optimize goal-directed behavior, but high levels of control may also have detrimental effects in case they suppress beneficial automatisms. Until now, the system neurophysiological mechanisms and functional neuroanatomy underlying these adverse effects of cognitive control have remained elusive. This question was examined by analyzing the automatic exploitation of a beneficial implicit predictive feature under conditions of high versus low cognitive control demands, combining event-related potentials (ERPs) and source localization. It was found that cognitive control prohibits the beneficial automatic exploitation of additional implicit information when task demands are high. Bottom-up perceptual and attentional selection processes (P1 and N1 ERPs) are not modulated by this, but the automatic exploitation of beneficial predictive information in case of low cognitive control demands was associated with larger response-locked P3 amplitudes and stronger activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG, BA47). This suggests that the rIFG plays a key role in the detection of relevant task cues, the exploitation of alternative task sets, and the automatic (bottom-up) implementation and reprogramming of action plans. Moreover, N450 amplitudes were larger under high cognitive control demands, which was associated with activity differences in the right medial frontal gyrus (BA9). This most likely reflects a stronger exploitation of explicit task sets which hinders the exploration of the implicit beneficial information in case of high cognitive control demands. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4511-4522, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The system neurophysiological basis of non‐adaptive cognitive control: Inhibition of implicit learning mediated by right prefrontal regions

Stock

Steenbergen

Colzato

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Verleger et al 2005; Twomey et al 2015) and it has been reported that the P3 amplitude may decrease with task difficulty (e.g. Gajewski & Falkenstein, 2013; Cutmore et al 2015). Based thereon, it has been suggested that the P3 amplitude depends on the top-down attentional resources left over by the primary task (Schubö et al 2001; Polich, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ADHD patients fail to maintain task goals in face of subliminally and consciously induced cognitive conflicts

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients have been reported to display deficits in action control processes. While it is known that subliminally and consciously induced conflicts interact and conjointly modulate action control in healthy subjects, this has never been investigated for ADHD.MethodWe investigated the (potential) interaction of subliminally and consciously triggered response conflicts in children with ADHD and matched healthy controls using neuropsychological methods (event-related potentials; ERPs) to identify the involved cognitive sub-processes.ResultsUnlike healthy controls, ADHD patients showed no interaction of subliminally and consciously triggered response conflicts. Instead, they only showed additive effects as their behavioural performance (accuracy) was equally impaired by each conflict and they showed no signs of task-goal shielding even in cases of low conflict load. Of note, this difference between ADHD and controls was not rooted in early bottom-up attentional stimulus processing as reflected by the P1 and N1 ERPs. Instead, ADHD showed either no or reversed modulations of conflict-related processes and response selection as reflected by the N2 and P3 ERPs.ConclusionThere are fundamental differences in the architecture of cognitive control which might be of use for future diagnostic procedures. Unlike healthy controls, ADHD patients do not seem to be endowed with a threshold which allows them to maintain high behavioural performance in the face of low conflict load. ADHD patients seem to lack sufficient top-down attentional resources to maintain correct response selection in the face of conflicts by shielding the response selection process from response tendencies evoked by any kind of distractor.

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“…Relational complexity effects have been demonstrated in many different content domains including transitive inference Viskontis,et al, 2005;Waltz, et al, 1999), suppositional reasoning (Birney & Halford, 2002), reasoning in a Latin Square task , categorical syllogisms (Zielinski, Goodwin, & Halford, 2010), conditional reasoning (Coochi et al, 2014;Cutmore et al, 2015), balance scale reasoning (Andrews, Halford, Murphy, & Knox, 2009;Halford, Andrews, Dalton, Boag, & Zielinski, 2002), numerical reasoning (English & Halford, 1995), analogical reasoning (Richland, Morrison & Holyoak, 2006), problem solving in the Tower of London task (Andrews, Halford, Chappell, Maujean, & Shum, 2014) and sentence comprehension Andrews, Ogden & Halford, 2017).…”

Section: Facilitating Relational Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does solving distant analogies facilitate relational integration?

Andrews

Bohadana

2017

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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Relational processing underpins many forms of human thinking. This research addressed whether relational integration in the n-term task (linear syllogisms with three and four premises) can be facilitated. We hypothesized that solving distant analogies (e.g., furnace : coal :: stomach : ______) but not near analogies (e.g., furnace : coal :: woodstove :______) would facilitate n-term performance of undergraduates (N = 120). Participants generated solutions to near analogies (near condition), to distant analogies (distant condition) while participants in the control condition completed a word rating task. Participants then completed the n-term task with items at two levels of complexity (ternary, quaternary), and a fluid intelligence test. Solving distant analogies facilitated relational integration on the more complex quaternary-relational items. It eliminated the complexity effect in the n-term task and the association between quaternary-relational reasoning and fluid intelligence.

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Neural correlates of deductive reasoning: An ERP study with the Wason Selection Task

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

The system neurophysiological basis of non‐adaptive cognitive control: Inhibition of implicit learning mediated by right prefrontal regions

The system neurophysiological basis of non‐adaptive cognitive control: Inhibition of implicit learning mediated by right prefrontal regions

ADHD patients fail to maintain task goals in face of subliminally and consciously induced cognitive conflicts

Does solving distant analogies facilitate relational integration?

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