Neural basis of location-specific pupil luminance modulation

Wang, Chin‐An; Munoz, Douglas P.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1809668115

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Preparing an oculomotor response to a probe location, which is known to recruit visual spatial attention (41, 43), also enhances the PLR to that probe (14, 29, 46, 47). Together, these results showed that the PLR scales with visual attention regardless of whether it is endogenously cued (13, 15), exogenously cued (14, 29, 48), and or recruited by saccadic preparation [Figure 1D; (14, 29, 46, 47)].…”

Section: Attention and The Pupil Light Responsementioning

confidence: 86%

“…However, it was not until much later that studies began to explicitly test the idea that the PLR is modulated by selective visual attention (13–15, 29, 45). For example, instructions to attend to a bright stimulus enhance the PLR to that stimulus, while instructions to attend away diminish PLR magnitude (13, 15). The PLR also tracks trial-by-trial variability in the selective attention paid to an evoking probe [Figures 1A,C; (14, 29)].…”

Section: Attention and The Pupil Light Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attraction is not the only mental process that influences the size of the pupil. Pupil size scales with mental effort (9, 10), surprise (11, 12), attention (13–15), and abstract goal states such as exploration (16–18). As tools for measuring pupil size become more readily available, pupil size is increasingly being used as a non-invasive peripheral index of cognitive processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Both a Gauge and a Filter: Cognitive Modulations of Pupil Size

Ebitz

Moore

2019

Front. Neurol.

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Over 50 years of research have established that cognitive processes influence pupil size. This has led to the widespread use of pupil size as a peripheral measure of cortical processing in psychology and neuroscience. However, the function of cortical control over the pupil remains poorly understood. Why does visual attention change the pupil light reflex? Why do mental effort and surprise cause pupil dilation? Here, we consider these functional questions as we review and synthesize two literatures on cognitive effects on the pupil: how cognition affects pupil light response and how cognition affects pupil size under constant luminance. We propose that cognition may have co-opted control of the pupil in order to filter incoming visual information to optimize it for particular goals. This could complement other cortical mechanisms through which cognition shapes visual perception.

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Section: Attention and The Pupil Light Responsementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Attention and The Pupil Light Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Both a Gauge and a Filter: Cognitive Modulations of Pupil Size

Ebitz

Moore

2019

Front. Neurol.

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“…But what exactly does the effect of semantic brightness, or of higher level cognition in general, on the PLR reflect? To test this, Ebitz & Moore (2017) applied subthreshold microstimulation to the frontal eye fields (FEF), an area of the prefrontal cortex that is involved in the control of eye movements and visual attention (see also Wang & Munoz, 2018 for a similar study on the superior colliculus). When FEF cells are stimulated strongly (suprathreshold), an eye movement is triggered to a predictable location.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of semantic brightness on pupil size: A replication with Dutch words

Mathôt

Sundermann

Rijn

2019

Preprint

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Theories of embodied language hold that word processing is automatically accompanied by sensory and motor simulations. For example, when you read the word 'sun', a sensory simulation of brightness as well as a motor simulation of pupil constriction would be automatically triggered.Consistent with this notion, Mathôt, Grainger, and Strijkers (2017) found that the eye's pupil was slightly smaller after reading single words that were associated with brightness (e.g. 'sun') as compared to darkness (e.g. 'night' ); that is, the pupil light response was modulated by the semantic brightness of words. However, (other) key findings within the field of embodied language have proven difficult to replicate, and we therefore felt that it was crucial to replicate the effect of semantic brightness on pupil size. To this end, we conducted a close-but-non-identical replication of two key experiments from Mathôt, Grainger, and Strijkers (2017): one experiment with visually presented words, and one experiment with spoken words. Both experiments were successfully replicated. We propose that cognitive modulations of the pupil light response reflect activity in visual brain areas; therefore, the effect of semantic brightness on pupil size can be used as a marker for the involvement of visual brain areas in language processing, and thus to address a wide variety of key questions within psycholinguistics.

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“…21 Brightness is one of the absolute attributes of the visual sensation according to which an area appears to emit more or less light. 22 While the dependence of the pupillary diameter with luminance has been extensively investigated, [23][24][25][26] and relationship equations have been proposed between these variables, 8 this is not the case for the dependence of the pupillary diameter with brightness, a relationship that has been little studied so far. The physiological substrate of the brightness perception is not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between pupillary size, brightness, and photoreceptor responses for unrelated self‐luminous stimuli at low photopic light levels

Salinas¹,

Hermans

Sandoval³

et al. 2020

Color Research & Application

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Research on the correlation between the initial pupillary light reflex, the perceptual brightness, and the excitations of the photoreceptors was performed for unrelated self-luminous 10 stimuli at low photopic light levels (5 to 80 cd/ m 2). All stimuli were optically characterized using a spectroradiometer. For determining the pupillary diameter, an Eye Tracker was used. The perceived brightness was evaluated with the magnitude estimation method. Test stimuli were presented alternating with a reference stimulus and the Michelson contrast of the pupillary diameter between test and reference conditions was calculated. Six observers (three female and three male) participated, with ages between 30 and 39 years (with an average of 34.5 years). It was found that the coefficient of determination between the pupillary response and the perceived stimulus brightness was higher than the corresponding value for luminance, allowing the suggestion that brightness has a greater effect on pupillary size than luminance. Nevertheless, this is not the complete story: highly saturated red and blue stimuli both induce a high brightness perception but the pupil contraction induced by the blue stimuli is much greater than for the red stimuli. Pupillary diameter was also studied as a function of the relative excitations of the five photoreceptors. The effect of rod and ipRGC excitations on pupillary size variation seems to be larger than that of the other photoreceptors. However, for the working conditions prevailing in this research, it could be expected that rods are not very active and that the ipRGC response might be the major driving mechanism.

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Neural basis of location-specific pupil luminance modulation

Cited by 26 publications

References 52 publications

Both a Gauge and a Filter: Cognitive Modulations of Pupil Size

Both a Gauge and a Filter: Cognitive Modulations of Pupil Size

The effect of semantic brightness on pupil size: A replication with Dutch words

Relationship between pupillary size, brightness, and photoreceptor responses for unrelated self‐luminous stimuli at low photopic light levels

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