Neubürger in Zürich

Technical Potential of Buildings in Germany as Flexible Power‐to‐Heat Storage for Smart‐Grid Operation

“…Estimating the power input flexibility of general HVAC control systems (continuous,m ultivariate,a nd nonlinear because of bounded power input) backwards from their task specification, which is to keep target variables in ab ounded region,i sh ighly relevant for DSM.F lexibility from relaxed but permanently valid control invariants,u nlike the more commonb atch tasks specified by power or energy invariants, could be stated concisely as an inverse robustc ontrol problem in the trajectory space.H owever, closed formulae that provide sufficient (conservative) but nontrivial bounds seem to be lacking. Timing constraints and planningh orizons are crucialp arts of the problem.M odel-predictive control [23,35,44] or optimum planning, based on objectives and (in-)equality constraints, [11] are standardb ut complex forward methodologies that may yield power flexibility as ab yproduct of an optimal schedule (the deviations of power consumption might be triggeredb ya rtificial cost spikes). Such flexibilitye stimate then applies to one problem instance, that is,h olds for the specific initial and boundary values.…”

“…and on technical limitations of storage devices and their control. Economic assessment, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] in addition, considers grid resources that can be scheduled economically,a ssumingt hat all stakeholders-energy providers, grid operators,a nd customers-useacost-effective combination of technologies. [14] The effectively realizable practical potential captures the subset of economic potential that comes from users,w ho accept load interventions and see clear advantages of participating in aL Mp rogram.…”

“…Storage classification schemes focusing on European energy markets are discussed, for example,b yF uchs et al [4] on behalf of the Smart Energy for EuropeP latform (SEFEP) and were investigated in several Ph.D.projects. [15,23,29] Tahersima et al [30] and Roossien [31] discuss flexibility measures for rather general classes of electricala ppliances.R oossien defines the difference in consumptiont hat ac onsumer or load group can hold for ag iven duration as am ore relevant criterion than that of instantaneous power. [31] Totu gives aB ayesian definition similar to ours for the expected (signed, momentary) control power of ap opulation of thermostaticallyc ontrolled loads (TCLs).…”

“…To become meaningful, absolute figureso fs upply potential should be compared with corresponding demandsf or balancing power or frequency reserve, [5,23,29,37] or should be related to the grid size,s uch as by specifying ap ercentage of peak load. [38] Crucial influencing variables on storage demand are the penetrationo fR Ea nd the curtailment of excessR E supply.…”