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Our current energy landscape is ever-changing, resulting from the ongoing energy transition and introducing a massive expansion of volatile generation feed-in and energy consumption (due to electrification). In turn, the energy supply’s requirements are also being affected. In this context, the energy system’s optimisation across all sectors will only grow in significance, especially in terms of future developments. Facilitating and researching methods for carrying out the aforementioned optimisation creates new demands pertaining to load flow simulation programmes. The volatility of specific participants and their interactions within existing power grids must be evaluated, wherefore the consideration of a large number of time steps but also dynamic simulations becomes inevitable. Carrying out such simulations is possible but very time-consuming. This article compared a variety of conventional load flow simulations such as the current iteration and Newton–Raphson methods and also introduced a novel, state-space based calculation approach, which boasts the potential of structurally increasing simulation speeds. Each of the method’s underlying principles, requirements, and mathematical correlations will be discussed and explained. In the second part of this article, the most important state-space equivalent circuit models of critical operating equipment are introduced. These models are essential for carrying out load flow simulation tests for an exemplary test network but could also be used for dynamic purposes. The previously showcased load flow methods were applied to a test network, with which the simulation methods should be validated. The results show that the state-space simulation has high accuracy while also being very flexible. All in all, the load flow calculation in state-space offers many advantages that could be an interesting alternative to conventional load flow simulations, especially for the analysis of complex, time series-based, and intelligently controlled smart grid power systems. In this context, the direct application of system theoretical methods for stability calculations, controllability, and dynamic system studies is to be mentioned. Optimisation options regarding the processes within the state-space calculation software still promise further significant increases in performance.

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“…Since the voltage changed in this way also has an effect on the neighbouring nodes, these must also be corrected according to (13).…”

Section: Current Iteration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The node voltages are corrected and used to calculate the improved node performances of the next iteration. This process is repeated until the desired accuracy is achieved [10,12,13]. The entire process can be seen in Figure 4.…”

Section: Newton-raphson Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals of State-Space Based Load Flow Calculation of Modern Energy Systems

Blenk

Weindl

2023

Energies

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“…These tasks are realized by implementing a load-flow calculation depicting the system's resulting flows, which depend on the time-dependent, node-specific electrical loads integrated in the respective network models. Instead of relying on current state-of-the-art load-flow analysis tools and methods, e.g., the current iteration (Gauss-Seidel) or the Newton-Raphson approaches presented in [11][12][13], which are applied in varying research topics, as illustrated by contributions. e.g., [14][15][16][17], a novel load-flow calculation method, based on a statespace approach, is introduced and applied to calculate the system-defining flows.…”

Section: Planned Res Expansion Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of ESSs is derived by the metrics described in [4] and mainly depends on the scenario-based expansion of roof-mounted PV systems. The cumulative flexibility provided by ESSs at the nth node, at time step t, is given by S f lex,e,n (t), S f lex,e,n (t) = S e,ch,n (t) − S e,dch,n (t) (12) where S e,ch,n (t) is the cumulative apparent power being drawn and S e,dch,n (t) being fed back into the system at the nth node.…”

Section: Energy Storage Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-Space Load Flow Calculation of an Energy System with Sector-Coupling Technologies

Bottler

Weindl

2023

Energies

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This paper addresses the sector-coupling principle, highlights each associated sector’s technologies and showcases their future development, according to the German grid development plan. Furthermore, the research project ESM-Regio, and its goals in terms of simulatively analyzing the sector-coupling approach for a specific model region and future scenarios, is introduced. In this context, the key methods for modeling the electricity sector’s loading behavior are showcased. Most importantly, the state-space load flow calculation, load modeling (including the integration of the power demands of the sector-coupling technologies) and an assessment of grid operating equipment, based on thermal aging models, are described.

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Elektrische Energieversorgungsnetze

Schäfer

2022

Systemführung

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Cited by 7 publications

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Fundamentals of State-Space Based Load Flow Calculation of Modern Energy Systems

Fundamentals of State-Space Based Load Flow Calculation of Modern Energy Systems

State-Space Load Flow Calculation of an Energy System with Sector-Coupling Technologies

Elektrische Energieversorgungsnetze

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