Network Pharmacology Combined with an Experimental Validation Study to Reveal the Effect and Mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Polysaccharide against Immunomodulation

Abstract

In the present study, the immuno-enhancing effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf polysaccharide (ELP) was investigated in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). To evaluate the immune enhancement mechanism of ELP, the immunoregulation effect of ELP was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ELP is primarily composed of arabinose (26.61%), galacturonic acid (25.1%), galactose (19.35%), rhamnose (16.13%), and a small amount of glucose (12.9%). At 1000~5000 μg·mL−1, ELP could significantly enhance the proliferation and the phagocytosis of macrophages in vitro. Additionally, ELP could protect immune organs, reduce pathological damage, and reverse the decrease in the hematological indices. Moreover, ELP significantly increased the phagocytic index, enhanced the ear swelling response, augmented the production of inflammatory cytokines, and markedly up-regulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels. Furthermore, ELP improved phosphorylated p38, ERK1/2, and JNK levels, suggesting that MAPKs might be involved in immunomodulatory effects. The results provide a theoretical foundation for exploring the immune modulation function of ELP as a functional food.

Consumption of Citric Acid by Bees Promotes the Gland Development and Enhances Royal Jelly Quality

“…Furthermore, CA participates in various metabolic pathways within organisms, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and sugar metabolism [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. CA involvement in the tricarboxylic acid cycle could improve the digestion and absorption efficiency of pollen, allowing bees to more effectively utilize the nutrients present in the pollen [ 48 , 49 ]. However, the internal mechanisms through which CA promotes bee feed digestion require further research.…”

Polysaccharides from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Leaves Alleviate Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury by Modulating the Microbiota–Gut–Liver Axis in Mice

“…Moreover, there are studies that show that an imbalance in intestinal flora is a pivotal factor in the initiation and progression of alcoholic liver injury [6,7]. Recently, polysaccharides have garnered a lot of attention in alcohol liver injury due to their varied actions, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and enhancement of immune activity [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], as well as the ability to regulate the gut microbiota, thereby exerting positive efforts on host health [16,17].…”