Net energy, CO2 emission, and life-cycle cost assessment of cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in China

Hu, Zhiyuan; Fang, Fang; Ben, Daofeng; Pu, Gengqiang; Wang, Chengtao

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.09.003

Cited by 73 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Similarly, the conversion of starchy biomass from cassava (Nellaiah & Gunasekaran 1992;Hu et al 2004Hu et al , 2006 and sweet potato (Ray & Naskar 2008) involves complicated steps such as liquefaction (conversion of starch to dextrin units) and saccharification (conversion of dextrin units to sugars) (Chandel et al 2007) before fermentation by alcohol-producing bacterial or yeast strains; these steps enhance production cost of ethanol (in terms of energy consumed and extratime period taken) in comparison to ethanol production from sugar crops. Bioconversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass to sugars is a much more complicated process that requires break-down of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose fractions by application of a variety of physical and chemical methods that include acid or alkali treatment, ammonia and urea, physical grinding and milling, steam explosion and combined alkali and heat treatment (Kadar et al 2007) and/or by biological means, such as fermenting by a consortium of microorganisms or by applying multi-enzyme (cellulase, ligninase, glucosidase) complex using a series of bio-reactors (Murphy & Carthy 2005;Chandel et al 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia) flowers using free and immobilized bacteria Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92

2010

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Mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) is a deciduous tree commonly found in the tropical rain forests of Asian and Australian continent. Corolla, the edible part of its flowers, is rich in fermentable sugar (37 ± 0.23%; on dry weight basis). Batch fermentation of mahula flowers was carried out using Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92 free cells and cells immobilized in calcium alginate matrix. The ethanol productions were 122.9 ± 0.972 and 134.6 ± 0.104 g/kg flowers on dry weight basis using free and immobilized cells, respectively, after 96 h of fermentation, which showed that cells entrapped in calcium alginate matrix yielded 8.7% more ethanol than free cells. Further, the immobilized cells were physiologically active up to three more cycles of fermentation producing 132.7 ± 0.095, 130.5 ± 0.09 and 128.7 ± 0.056 g ethanol per kg flower in first, second and third cycle, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia) flowers using free and immobilized bacteria Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92

2010

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“…It has revealed to be a very useful tool to evaluate environmental performances of alternative fuels and to compare them with traditional fuels [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-cycle greenhouse gas analysis of LNG as a heavy vehicle fuel in Europe

et al. 2010

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“…The energy balance can be quantified by comparing the energy inputs required in each LCA stage, and comparing the total required energy inputs with the embodied energy of the biodiesel product [42][43][44][45][46]. In this analysis, net energy was used to measure energy efficiency, since it is the net energy yield that measures the true value of an energy resource to society [47][48][49]. The net energy available from a fuel is equal to: NE = GE − E, where GE is the gross energy produced by the fuel during its combustion and E is the total energy consumption during its lifecycle production, in this case in Figure 2, below where E1 and E2 represent the energies consumed during the feedstock growth and production and fuel production stages, respectively.…”

Section: Energy and Carbon Balance Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We consider the seeds of Jatropha as the only output. The parameters of energy consumption and CO 2 emission are derived from the literature [27,48,53].…”

Section: Social and Economic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Net Energy, CO2 Emission and Land-Based Cost-Benefit Analyses of Jatropha Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Panzhihua Region of Sichuan Province in China

2012

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Bioenergy is currently regarded as a renewable energy source with a high growth potential. Forest-based biodiesel, with the significant advantage of not competing with grain production on cultivated land, has been considered as a promising substitute for diesel fuel by many countries, including China. Consequently, extracting biodiesel from Jatropha curcas has become a growing industry. However, many key issues related to the development of this industry are still not fully resolved and the prospects for this industry are complicated. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the net energy, CO 2 emission, and cost efficiency of Jatropha biodiesel as a substitute fuel in China to help resolve some of the key issues by studying data from this region of China that is well suited to growing Jatropha. Our results show that: (1) Jatropha biodiesel is preferable for global warming mitigation over diesel fuel in terms of the carbon sink during Jatropha tree growth. (2) The net energy yield of Jatropha biodiesel is much lower than that of fossil fuel, induced by the high energy consumption during Jatropha plantation establishment and the conversion from seed oil to diesel fuel step. Therefore, the energy efficiencies of the production of Jatropha and its conversion to biodiesel need to be improved. (3) Due to current low profit and high risk in the study area, farmers have little incentive to continue or increase Jatropha production. (4) It is necessary to provide more subsidies and preferential policies for Jatropha plantations if this industry is to grow. It is also necessary for local government to set realistic objectives and make rational plans to choose proper sites for Jatropha OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2012, 5 2151 biodiesel development and the work reported here should assist that effort. Future research focused on breading high-yield varieties, development of efficient field management systems, and detailed studies lifecycle environmental impacts analysis is required to promote biologically and economically sustainable development of Jatropha biodiesel and to assist government agencies in setting realistic objectives and appropriate and advantageous policies for the regions and the country.

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Net energy, CO2 emission, and life-cycle cost assessment of cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in China

Cited by 73 publications

References 4 publications

Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia) flowers using free and immobilized bacteria Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92

Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia) flowers using free and immobilized bacteria Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92

Life-cycle greenhouse gas analysis of LNG as a heavy vehicle fuel in Europe

Net Energy, CO2 Emission and Land-Based Cost-Benefit Analyses of Jatropha Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Panzhihua Region of Sichuan Province in China

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