Nesting of Birds in the Marshes of Northwest Iowa

Ecological Distribution and Crude Density of Breeding Birds on Prairie Wetlands

“…Very high densities (21 nests/ ha) were recorded on a 5.3-ha semipermanent wetland in Iowa (Provost 1947) which the author believed to be typical of small wetlands in the region. When water levels were low, extremely high densities (10-34 territorial maleslha) were also found by Krapu and Green (1978) in North Dakota on four small semipermanent wetlands.…”

The effects of management practices on grassland birds—American Bittern (<i>Botaurus lentiginosus</i>)

“…(Gabrielson, 1914;Lewis, 1930;Mousley, 1939;Vesall, 1940;Provost, 1947;Middleton, 1949;Boyer and Devitt, 1961;Bent, 1963;Stewart, 1975;Duebbert and Lokemoen, 1977;Faanes, 1981;Manci and Rusch, 1988;Brininger, 1996;Azure, 1998;Lor, 2007). American Bitterns nest on floating platforms in shallow (3-91 cm) water (Provost, 1947;Middleton, 1949;Bent, 1963;Stewart, 1975;Brininger, 1996). In northwestern Minnesota, the average vegetation height above water within 1-10 meters (m) of wetland nests was 126 cm (Brininger, 1996), and water depths within 1-10 m of wetland nests ranged from 8 to 65 cm (Brininger, 1996;Azure, 1998).…”

Effects of management practices on grassland birds: American Bittern

“…), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), sprangletop (Scolochloa festucacea), tall mannagrass (Glyceria grandis), common reed (Phragmites australis), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), bur-reed (Sparganium eurycarpum), or cattail (Typha) (Gabrielson 1914, Lewis 1930, Mousley 1939, Vesall 1940, Provost 1947, Middleton 1949, Boyer and Devitt 1961, Bent 1963, Stewart 1975, Duebbert and Lokemoen 1977, Faanes 1981, Manci and Rusch 1988, Brininger 1996, Azure 1998. Bitterns nest on floating platforms in shallow (3-91 cm) water (Provost 1947, Middleton 1949, Bent 1963, Stewart 1975, Brininger 1996. The average vegetation height above water within 1-10 m of wetland nests in northwestern Minnesota was 126 cm (Brininger 1996).…”