Nest Construction Costs Bald Eagles Time But not Breeding Success or Productivity
Thomas W. Wittig,
Paige E. Howell,
Kathleen E. Clark
Abstract:Constructing nests costs birds time and energy and may influence breeding success and productivity. The precise nature and extent of these costs is understudied, particularly among raptor species. We used linear and generalized linear mixed models to examine the time and reproductive costs of nest construction to Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in New Jersey, USA, from 2009 to 2021. To differentiate nest construction costs from the influence of experience, we separately analyzed the breeding performance… Show more
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