Nest and nestling development of the Sooty-capped Hermit (Phaethornis augusti) from Venezuela

The nest, eggs and nestling development of Fork-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania furcata boliviana

“…Development of the nestling is also presented here for the first time. Nestlings gain weight until the 16th day and then lose mass slowly until they fledge, which is similar to growth patterns in other families of birds (Seixas & Mourão 2003, Guilherme & Souza 2013 including hummingbirds (Muir & Butler 1925, Verea 2016.…”

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“…Two-egg clutches are also typical of Phaethornis (Davis 1958, Skutch 1951, Schuchmann 1986, Muscat et al 2014, Verea 2016, although Lima et al (2007) reported a Planalto Hermit P. pretrei nest with four eggs. Morphometrics of the eggs of P. maranhaoensis are also consistent with those of congenerics of similar body size (Oniki 1970, Muscat et al 2014, as was the nests height above ground in the understorey (Muscat et al 2014, Melo & Greeney 2019.…”

Description of the nest, eggs and nestling development of Maranhão Hermit Phaethornis maranhaoensis

“…Two-egg clutches are also typical of Phaethornis (Davis 1958, Skutch 1951, Schuchmann 1986, Muscat et al 2014, Verea 2016, although Lima et al (2007) reported a Planalto Hermit P. pretrei nest with four eggs. Morphometrics of the eggs of P. maranhaoensis are also consistent with those of congenerics of similar body size (Oniki 1970, Muscat et al 2014, as was the nests height above ground in the understorey (Muscat et al 2014, Greeney et al 2018, Melo & Greeney 2019.…”

“…Greeney et al (2013) recorded 11 pairs of neossoptiles on the dorsum of recently hatched P. griseogularis, which is also similar to P. maranhaoensis. In nestlings of P. augusti, the pterylae is darker than the skin, with feathers emerging from the fifth day onwards (Verea 2016), while P. pretrei hatches entirely naked (Lima 2007). Unfortunately, few detailed descriptions of pterolysis and feather development in hummingbirds are available (Greeney et al 2008), despite their potential for understanding phylogenetic relationships among species.…”