Nervous system responses of rats to subchronic inhalation of n-hexane and n-hexane + methyl-ethyl-ketone mixtures

Altenkirch, H.; Wagner, H; Stoltenburg, G.; Spencer, Peter S.

doi:10.1016/0022-510x(82)90028-4

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As summarized by the IPCS (1991), the first reports of peripheral neuropathy appeared in the Japanese literature in the 1960s and were quickly followed by publications in Italian journals. The characteristic neurological effects were reproduced in rats in studies involving exposure by inhalation (Altenkirch et al 1982, Frontali et al 1981, Takeuchi et al 1980) and oral administration (Krasavage et al 1980). The neurological effects are mediated through 2,5-hexanedione, which is derived from n-hexane but not from other structurally similar hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Repeated exposure to n-hexane can cause peripheral neurological effects in rodents (Altenkirch et al 1982, Frontali et al 1981, Krasavage et al 1980, Ono et al 1981, Takeuchi et al 1980. The underlying mechanism involves metabolism of n-hexane to 2,5-hexane dione (Figure 4) which inhibits microtubule assembly (Boekelheide 1987), ultimately interfering with axoplasmic flow.…”

Section: Persistent Neurological Effects In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Persistent Neurological Effects In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…In 1977, Altenkirch et al [1] reported polyneuropathy in glue sniers after glues began to contain MEK with n-hexane. This potentiation eect of MEK on n-hexane-induced neurotoxicity was con®rmed experimentally in rats [2,3]. On the other hand, MEK decreased urinary levels of 2,5-hexanedione in an acute or chronic coexposure with n-hexane [4±6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione increases with potentiation of neurotoxicity in chronic coexposure to n -hexane and methyl ethyl ketone

Ichihara¹,

Saito

Kamijima³

et al. 1998

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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The present study showed that urinary concentrations of 2,5-hexanedione increased with potentiation of n-hexane neurotoxicity. Urinary 2,5-hexanedione concentration does not necessarily reflect the exposure concentration of n-hexane in coexposure to n-hexane along with MEK or other solvents, but it may be useful as a marker in the assessment of neurotoxicity in coexposure to n-hexane and other solvents.

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“…It turns out that methylethyl ketone, despite not being overtly neurotoxic, can markedly potentiate the neurotoxicity of nhexane. 52 The hematotoxicity of benzene, which will be discussed below, is inhibited in animal studies by simultaneous exposure to the non-hematotoxin toluene in a manner which is readily understandable based upon what is known of the metabolism of benzene. 53 However, evaluation of this effect at usual workplace exposure levels has failed to demonstrate a metabolic interaction between benzene and toluene in laboratory animals and in man.…”

Section: Interactive Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review

1983

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

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Nervous system responses of rats to subchronic inhalation of n-hexane and n-hexane + methyl-ethyl-ketone mixtures

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione increases with potentiation of neurotoxicity in chronic coexposure to n -hexane and methyl ethyl ketone

A Critical Review

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