Nervous System

Benzo, Camillo A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_1

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…Although the same criteria have been applied for the identification of ganglion cells in every retina studied, we attempted to make ganglion cell identification more reliable by studying those cells that survived in the ganglion cell layer of a retina following optic disc destruction. An important criterion for the identification of the ganglion cell is the presence of both Nissl bodies (aggregations of the granular, or rough, endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes (Benzo 1986)) in the cytoplasm of the cell soma and a nucleolus within the cell nucleus. Among avian species, the mean estimate of the total ganglion cell population from this study was less than that seen for chickens (2 606 000 cells/mm 2 ; (Ehrlich 1981)); for pigeons (2 380 000 cells/mm 2 ; (Binggeli & Paule 1969)); for ostriches (2 274 128 cells/mm 2 ; (Boire et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of ganglion cells in the retina of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)

Rahman

Aoyama

Sugita

2007

Animal Science Journal

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The purpose of this study was to define ganglion cell density, size and topography in the retina of the mallard duck. After killing adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus), their eyes were removed using pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). The retinas were isolated, whole mount specimens were prepared by staining with 0.1% cresyl violet and then fixing the tissues for study. The retinal ganglion cells were counted, mapped and measured. The mean total number of ganglion cells was estimated at approximately 1.7 × 106 and the retinal area centralis had the highest ganglion cell density with 15 820 cells/mm2. The number of ganglion cell bodies was highest in the temporal area, followed by the nasal, dorsal and ventral areas. Ganglion cell size ranged from 56 to 406 μm2. A population of small ganglion cells persisted into the central area just above the optic disc and the largest soma area was in the ventral zone of the retina. This localization of ganglion cells suggests that the quality of vision is not equal in all the areas of the duck retina and the central part may have the highest vision quality as a function of the retinal ganglion cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of ganglion cells in the retina of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)

Rahman

Aoyama

Sugita

2007

Animal Science Journal

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“…Stage III sleep represents activity in which the head is generally placed under the wing and both eyes are closed. Most of the EEG is 200 ± 300 mV, 3 ± 4 Hz waves, but with bursts of low voltage, intermingled with slow waves of low-voltage, though the hens are still sleeping (paradoxical sleep), (see also Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Pearson, 1972;Benzo, 1986). Similar EEG patterns (the Wulst) were observed in an adult cormorant during wakefulness and sleep (Ookawa and Yamashita,l982).…”

Section: Normal Eeg Of Adult Chicken During Wakefulness and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…On the other hand, the optic lobes are well developed in birds, and they show laminate arrangement of neurons. The main divisions of the avian cerebral hemisphere (Figure 1) are the paleostriatum primitivum, paleostriatum augmentatum, archistriatum, neostriatum, hyperstriatum and ectostriatum or ektostriatum (Kappers et al, 1960;Jungherr, 1969;Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Pearson, 1972;Benzo, 1986;Rogers, 1995;Yasuda, 2002). The striatum is a welldeveloped structure that is absent in mammals.…”

Section: Anatomical Aspects Of the Chicken Telencephalonmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Investigations since 1967 of the electrophysiology and anatomy of the avian nervous system have considerably extended the knowledge of the unique structure of the avian brain (Corner et al, 1967;Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Pearson, 1972;Benzo, 1986). Furthermore, stereotaxic studies of chicken and pigeon brains have stimulated a growing interest in avian neurophysiology (Van Tienhoven and Juhasz, 1962;Karten and Hodes, 1967;Youngren and Phillips, 1978;Kuenzel and Masson, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The electroencephalogram and sleep in the domestic chicken

Ookawa¹

2004

Avian & Poul. Biolog. Rev.

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Recent electroencephalographic studies on the surface and subsurface of the chicken striatum confirmed that there is a marked correlation between the electroencephalogram (the EEG) and behavioural states of the chicken during wakefulness and sleep. An asymmetrical EEG pattern was recorded from the surface and subsurface of the chicken telencephalon. The chicken EEG changes are essentially similar to those of mammals, though the sleep spindles observed in mammalian neo-cortex are lacking in the chicken cerebrum. Birds exhibit a unique behavioural and electro-physiological state called unihemispheric sleep' in which one cerebral hemisphere is awake and the other is sleep. This finding identified electroencephalographically that the optic nervous fibres undergo a complete dicussation in birds. Chicks blinded by bilateral optic enucleation retain the ability to develop normal growth. The EEG associated with sleep was characterised by high amplitude and slow waves, and by low voltage fast waves, that is, paradoxical sleep in blinded chickens. During wakefulness, the EEG of blinded chickens shows the arousal pattern. The classification of stages from wakefulness to sleep has not yet been fully established in the birds.

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“…Other workers have reported that serotonin facilitates CRF release from rat hypothalamus in vitro (Buckingham & Hodges, 1977;Holmes et al 1982), but there is also evidence to show that serotonin can affect ACTH secretion by acting directly at the level of the anterior pituitary (Johns, Azmitia & Krieger, 1982;Spinedi & Negro-Vilar, 1983). Our finding that exogenous serotonin, which may not cross the blood-brain barrier (Benzo, 1986), increased corticosterone release in vivo, but not in vitro, suggests that serotonin was acting either on the terminals of CRF-secreting neurones in the median eminence or directly on the ACTH cells at the pitui¬ tary level. Serotonin could be influencing the pituitary-adrenal axis by increasing the sensitivity of ACTH cells to CRF or by stimulating ACTH release directly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Serotoninergic regulation of corticosterone secretion in domestic fowl

Cheung¹,

Hall²,

Harvey³

1987

Journal of Endocrinology

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The effects of serotoninergic drugs on adrenocortical function in domestic fowl were examined. Administration of the serotonin receptor agonist 2-(1-piperazinyl)quinoline maleate (quipazine), an inhibitor of serotonin metabolism, N-methyl-N-2-propynylbenzylamine HCl (pargyline), as well as serotonin itself, all increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone. The maximum responses to serotonin and quipazine occurred 1 h after treatment. The quipazine-stimulated response was partly prevented by the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine. Cockerels pretreated with dexamethasone, a synthetic steroid known to inhibit pituitary ACTH release, showed attenuated responses to subsequent quipazine, pargyline or serotonin injection. Serotonin, quipazine and cyproheptadine did not affect corticosterone release directly from the adrenal gland incubated in vitro, nor did they affect adrenal responsiveness to ACTH stimulation. The neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine injected into day-old chicks decreased plasma concentrations of corticosterone for up to 7 days after treatment, with corresponding decreases in the hypothalamic concentration of serotonin, but not dopamine or noradrenaline concentrations. These results show that adrenal corticosterone secretion is regulated by a central serotoninergic system, probably acting on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

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Nervous System

Cited by 7 publications

References 177 publications

Topography of ganglion cells in the retina of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)

Topography of ganglion cells in the retina of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)

The electroencephalogram and sleep in the domestic chicken

Serotoninergic regulation of corticosterone secretion in domestic fowl

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