Nervous System

Bolton, T. B.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96274-5_1

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…Stage III sleep represents activity in which the head is generally placed under the wing and both eyes are closed. Most of the EEG is 200 ± 300 mV, 3 ± 4 Hz waves, but with bursts of low voltage, intermingled with slow waves of low-voltage, though the hens are still sleeping (paradoxical sleep), (see also Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Pearson, 1972;Benzo, 1986). Similar EEG patterns (the Wulst) were observed in an adult cormorant during wakefulness and sleep (Ookawa and Yamashita,l982).…”

Section: Normal Eeg Of Adult Chicken During Wakefulness and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…On the other hand, the optic lobes are well developed in birds, and they show laminate arrangement of neurons. The main divisions of the avian cerebral hemisphere (Figure 1) are the paleostriatum primitivum, paleostriatum augmentatum, archistriatum, neostriatum, hyperstriatum and ectostriatum or ektostriatum (Kappers et al, 1960;Jungherr, 1969;Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Pearson, 1972;Benzo, 1986;Rogers, 1995;Yasuda, 2002). The striatum is a welldeveloped structure that is absent in mammals.…”

Section: Anatomical Aspects Of the Chicken Telencephalonmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Investigations since 1967 of the electrophysiology and anatomy of the avian nervous system have considerably extended the knowledge of the unique structure of the avian brain (Corner et al, 1967;Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Pearson, 1972;Benzo, 1986). Furthermore, stereotaxic studies of chicken and pigeon brains have stimulated a growing interest in avian neurophysiology (Van Tienhoven and Juhasz, 1962;Karten and Hodes, 1967;Youngren and Phillips, 1978;Kuenzel and Masson, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The electroencephalogram and sleep in the domestic chicken

Ookawa¹

2004

Avian & Poul. Biolog. Rev.

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Recent electroencephalographic studies on the surface and subsurface of the chicken striatum confirmed that there is a marked correlation between the electroencephalogram (the EEG) and behavioural states of the chicken during wakefulness and sleep. An asymmetrical EEG pattern was recorded from the surface and subsurface of the chicken telencephalon. The chicken EEG changes are essentially similar to those of mammals, though the sleep spindles observed in mammalian neo-cortex are lacking in the chicken cerebrum. Birds exhibit a unique behavioural and electro-physiological state called unihemispheric sleep' in which one cerebral hemisphere is awake and the other is sleep. This finding identified electroencephalographically that the optic nervous fibres undergo a complete dicussation in birds. Chicks blinded by bilateral optic enucleation retain the ability to develop normal growth. The EEG associated with sleep was characterised by high amplitude and slow waves, and by low voltage fast waves, that is, paradoxical sleep in blinded chickens. During wakefulness, the EEG of blinded chickens shows the arousal pattern. The classification of stages from wakefulness to sleep has not yet been fully established in the birds.

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Section: Normal Eeg Of Adult Chicken During Wakefulness and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Anatomical Aspects Of the Chicken Telencephalonmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The electroencephalogram and sleep in the domestic chicken

Ookawa¹

2004

Avian & Poul. Biolog. Rev.

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“…In birds, however, the main development has taken place in the striatum, while the cortex has become a thin layer of tissue covering the top and side structure of the forebrain. The main divisions of the avian cerebral hemisphere are the paleostriatum primitivum, paleostriatum augmentatum, archistriatum, neostriatum, hyperstriatum and ectostriatum (Kappers et ah, I960;Portmann and Stingelin, 1961;Jungherr, 1969;Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Perason, 1972;Cohen and Karten, 1974). With recent ultrastructural information available it was possible to study certain homologies suggested by phylogenetic study: the chicken paleostriatum primitivum is similar to the monkey globus pallidus (Fox et ah, 1966).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although information on the avian nervous system has been relatively sparse in comparison with the data available for the mammalian nervous system (van Tienhoven, 1969), investigations upon the electrophysiology and anatomy of the avian nervous system considerably extended the knowledge of the unique structure of the avian brain since 1967 (Corner et al, 1967;Bolton, 1971Bolton, , 1976Wood-Gush, 1971;Gottlieb, 1971;Pearson, 1972;Goodman and Schein, 1974). In mammals, the electroencephalographic activity of the convulsant agents has been extensively studied (Penfield and Jasper, 1954;Gibbs and Gibbs, 1964;Kreindler, 1965;Jasper et al, 1969;Purpura et al, 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Manifestations of Avian Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature

Ookawa

1977

Poultry Science

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Recently, electrophysiological studies on sleep and wakefulness in birds have yielded useful results. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained in behavioral and electroencephalographical investigations of epileptic birds, induced neuropharmacologically or genetically, have led to recognition of the fact that epileptic seizures are present in aves, and that these seizures reveal many similarities between mammalian and avian epilepsy. While the investigation of birds is of obvrious value for demonstrating the neuropharmacological interrelationship with the brain, comparison of the correlation between abnormal behavior and the electroencephalogram in birds and higher vertebrates requires further research. In the present paper, normal and abnormal electroencephalographic activity associated with behavior of birds is reviewed. It was concluded that birds provide a useful preparation for studying experimental epilepsy.

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Age‐dependent toxicity of diazinon and terbufos in european starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and red‐winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)

Wolfe

Kendall

1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Adult European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are more resistant to poisoning by organophosphorous (OP) pesticides than are other passerine birds. Nestling starlings, however, are sensitive to OP intoxication. Both adult and nestling red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) are sensitive to OP toxicity and therefore may be a more representative model of the toxic response of passerine birds. The purpose of this study was to compare the toxicity ratio, as indicated by median lethal dose (LD50), of terbufos and diazinon in adult and nestling starlings and red-winged blackbirds, and to compare cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition between species and among age groups. Red-winged blackbirds are more sensitive to terbufos and diazinon intoxication than are European starlings, and the young of both species are more sensitive than the adults. When mortality is used as the endpoint, adult starlings are approximately 103 times less sensitive to terbufos intoxication than are 2-d-old starling chicks and 137 times less sensitive than adult red-wings. Adult red-wings were only 4.1 times less sensitive than 0 to 3-d-old red-wing chicks. Adult starlings were approximately 47 times less sensitive to diazinon toxicity than 2-d-old starling nestlings and 65 times less sensitive than adult redwings. Adult red-wings were 3.8 times less sensitive to diazinon than 0-to 3-d-old red-wing nestlings. Plasma and brain ChE activity was depressed in starling and red-wing adults in a dose-dependent fashion, but the relationship between dose, and plasma and brain ChE depression was more evident in some nestling age groups than in others. Baseline ChE activity cannot be invoked to explain the sensitivity difference between species. Baseline ChE activities in both brain and plasma increase with age in both species. These changes may account in part for the greater sensitivity of the young as compared to the adult.

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Nervous System

Cited by 5 publications

References 168 publications

The electroencephalogram and sleep in the domestic chicken

The electroencephalogram and sleep in the domestic chicken

Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Manifestations of Avian Epilepsy: A Review of the Literature

Age‐dependent toxicity of diazinon and terbufos in european starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and red‐winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)

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