Nerve and Synaptic Conduction

Bishop, George H.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.08.030146.002035

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…In the dLGN of cat (Bishop and McLeod, 1954 ) and primate (Reese and Cowey, 1990 ), the afferent fibers from retinal ganglion cells have a non-unimodal distribution of conduction velocities, which corresponds to the non-unimodal distribution of retinal axon diameters in the optic tract (Bishop, 1933 , 1946 ; Bishop et al, 1953 ; Bishop and Clare, 1955 ; Guillery et al, 1982 ). Detailed anatomical characterization of C57/B6 retinal axons suggest a bimodal distribution of axonal diameters (Seecharan et al, 2003 ), but to our knowledge no study of mouse dLGN activity evoked by electrical stimulation of the optic nerve has been published.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Parallel Streams through the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Denman

Contreras

2016

Front. Neural Circuits

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The mouse visual system is an emerging model for the study of cortical and thalamic circuit function. To maximize the usefulness of this model system, it is important to analyze the similarities and differences between the organization of all levels of the murid visual system with other, better studied systems (e.g., non-human primates and the domestic cat). While the understanding of mouse retina and cortex has expanded rapidly, less is known about mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Here, we study whether parallel processing streams exist in mouse dLGN. We use a battery of stimuli that have been previously shown to successfully distinguish parallel streams in other species: electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm, contrast-reversing stationary gratings at varying spatial phase, drifting sinusoidal gratings, dense noise for receptive field reconstruction, and frozen contrast-modulating noise. As in the optic nerves of domestic cats and non-human primates, we find evidence for multiple conduction velocity groups after optic chiasm stimulation. As in so-called “visual mammals”, we find a subpopulation of mouse dLGN cells showing non-linear spatial summation. However, differences in stimulus selectivity and sensitivity do not provide sufficient basis for identification of clearly distinct classes of relay cells. Nevertheless, consistent with presumptively homologous status of dLGNs of all mammals, there are substantial similarities between response properties of mouse dLGN neurons and those of cats and primates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Parallel Streams through the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Denman

Contreras

2016

Front. Neural Circuits

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“…Varying concentrations of acetyl-/3-methylcholine and carbamylcholine were likewise used in fewer cases. 1 Strong (1:5 or 1:10) solutions of sodium, potassium and calcium salts were used in some control cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in handedness in the rat by local application of acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex.

Peterson¹

1949

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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An important problem regarding acetylcholine (Ach) is the r61e it plays in the central nervous system. In the first edition of his Physiology of the Nervous System, Fulton wrote, "... local application of acetylcholine on the cerebral cortex is wholly without excitatory effect." (5, p. 74) By 1943, when a second edition was published, he had completely revised his estimate, for the subject of acetylcholine not only came in for a special section, largely due to Nachmansohn, but was given specific mention in the preface, as one of the chief reasons for the revision.A review by Peldberg (4) outlines the studies of the influence of Ach on the cerebral cortex. These studios are concerned in general with what might be called physiological preparations ; i.e., changes in some isolated characteristic, such as the electroencephalogram (EEG), usually under conditions of anesthesia or in an acute preparation with brain stem transection. Likewise, studios appearing since this review are largely confined to these conditions. Thus, Kremer (6) reports effects on blood pressure and bladder contraction from the application of 2J per cent acetyl-|3-methylcholine to the cingular gyrus of anaesthetized dogs. The results were similar to those produced from electrical stimulation in this region.Studies by Ward and Kennard (12) and by Watson and Kennard (13), on the other hand, are concerned with the recovery of functions after unilateral cerebral lesions and individual animals were observed for many successive days. The injection of cholinergic drugs hastened the recovery of reflex movements, placing reactions, locomotion, etc.Similarly, Bronstein (3) studied the presence and action of Ach following experimental brain trauma in dogs and cats. The concussions resulted in the presence of "free Ach" in the cerebrospinal fluid, in changes in the EEG, including "epileptiform" records, and in behavioral changes. Included in the latter were tonic and clonic contractions, apnoea, ocular and corneal reflexes, hopping and placing reactions, equilibrium, orientation and a "stuporous condition." Perfusion of the cerebral cortex, or intracisternal injection with proper concentrations of Ach produced EEG and behavioral changes "strikingly similar to those seen following trauma," although the only behavioral change specified refers to the stuporous condition in which a cat became unresponsive to external stimulation.

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“…How ever, a quantitative measurement of pain is difficult as pain is essentially a subjective phe nomenon where perception is greatly influenced by emotion, environment, individual differ ence, etc. Pain has been produced experimentally in humans by use of radiant heat (1-7), conduction heat (8), chemicals (9-11 ), electricity (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), mechanical (19)(20)(21) and ischemic methods (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). Even the radiant heat method devised by Hardy, et al (1)(2)(3)(4) which has been extensively used as a relatively good method for assessing analgesics in man has how ever the drawback of sometimes producing a bulla-like tissue damage.…”

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Clinical Assessment of Analgesics Using Ultrasonic Stimulation — A New Method —

Yanaura

Yamatake

Misawa

1977

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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Abstract-A quantitative method for measuring pain threshold by the use of ultrasonic stimulation in man was designed and the possibility of clinical application in assessing analgesics was investigated.Ultrasonic stimulus was given to Japanese subjects on the palmer distal part of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of both hands. The latent time between start of the stimulation and withdrawal of the hand when perceiving pain was considered the pain threshold. The ultrasonic evoked pain was a sharp pin-prick type, without sensations such as thermal and mechanical. The pain threshold lowered with increasing either stimulus intensity or water bath temperature when the hand of the subject was immersed during measurement. Normal threshold to ultrasonic stimulation measured in both 50 men and 50 women gave nearly normal distribution curves: women being more sensitive to ultrasonics than men. Analgesia with codeine phosphate (20 mg p.o.), aspirin (1.5, 1.0, 0.5 g p.o.), aminopyrine (100 mg p.o.) and mefenamic acid (500 mg p.o.) in volunteers of both sexes was demonstrated significantly using this method under double blind circumstances.Pentobarbital, diazepam, butyl scopolamine, bromelain and placebo each in the usual dose used clinically failed to alter the pain threshold.Humans were at least 25 fold more sensitive than mice to the analgesics used herein.

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Nerve and Synaptic Conduction

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

On Parallel Streams through the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

On Parallel Streams through the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Changes in handedness in the rat by local application of acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex.

Clinical Assessment of Analgesics Using Ultrasonic Stimulation — A New Method —

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