Nephroprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Loranthus micranthus Linn Leaf Against Cadmium-Induced Kidney Toxicity in Male Rats

Abstract

Cadmium is a heavy metal widely distributed in the environment due to anthropogenic activities, such as industrial processes, mining, and agricultural practices. Exposure to cadmium has been associated with various adverse health effects, particularly on the kidneys. The kidneys are major target organs for cadmium toxicity, as the metal tends to accumulate in renal tissues, leading to nephrotoxicity and impaired renal function.This study aims to evaluate the potential nephroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Loranthus micranthus Linn leaf against cadmium-induced kidney toxicity in a rat model. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups: Group 1 served as the normal control and received no treatment. Group 2 was exposed to cadmium toxicity, receiving 2 mg/kg body weight of cadmium intraperitoneally daily. Group 3 received 150 mg/kg body weight of the extract daily. Group 4 received 2 mg/kg body weight of cadmium intraperitoneally, followed by a daily administration of 150mg/kg body weight of the extract. This experiment was carried out for a period of 28 days. Biochemical alterations in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed as markers of kidney function and oxidative stress. Additionally, ultrastructural changes in the kidneys of the experimental animals were evaluated using electron microscopy. The study revealed significant biochemical alterations in markers of kidney function and oxidative stress in rats exposed to cadmium-induced kidney toxicity. Treatment with the extract attenuated these biochemical changes, indicating potential nephroprotective effects. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes observed in the kidneys of cadmium-exposed rats were ameliorated by treatment with the extract. The findings of this study suggest that the extract possesses potential nephroprotective effects against cadmium-induced kidney toxicity. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of action and explore the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds in managing kidney-related disorders.