Nephropleural fistula after supracostal approach for PCNL: report of two cases with review of literature

Abstract

Nephropleural fistula is a rarely encountered complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Only 11 cases have been reported in literature to date. Often associated with supracostal punctures, the presentation is frequently delayed. Diagnosis is based on imaging, mainly X-rays and CT along with retrograde pyelography that establishes the fistulous connection. A difficult to diagnose condition, any patient with a supracostal access PCNL who presents with delayed symptoms of breathlessness and has leucocytosis with fluid in the lungs on chest imaging should be suspected to have a nephropleural fistula. The management involves intercostal tube thoracostomy to relieve symptoms and drainage of the operated kidney by double-J stent placement, if not placed already. Prompt recognition and management results in excellent recovery with no sequelae. We present our experience with two such cases and our aim was to familiarise the practising urologist regarding the diagnosis and management of this infrequent condition.

Empyema Resulting From a Nephro-Pleural Fistula in an Adult With Polycystic Kidney Disease With Obstructive Uropathy

“…Using a perinephric catheter to decompress the collecting system and drain the pleural cavity is necessary for managing such fistulae. Additionally, it's crucial to identify and address any obstruction in the nephro-ureteric system if present [ 7 ]. In our patient's case, treatment included drainage of the perinephric abscess and empyema, along with the administration of appropriate parenteral antibiotics to control infection.…”