We recently introduced a homogeneous immunoassay based on time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRETP uumala virus (PUUV) belongs to the genus Hantavirus within the family Bunyaviridae, comprising typically rodent-and insectivore-borne negative-stranded RNA viruses (1). The known reservoir hosts of hantaviruses are chronically infected and spread the virus via excreta (saliva, urine, and feces) (2). The human infection, acquired via inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta, manifests as two disease entities: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). HFRS predominates in Eurasia, and HCPS occurs in the Americas. The case fatality rate of HFRS is 0.1 to 12%, depending on the virus type, and that of HCPS is up to 40% (3).Annually, around 50,000 hospitalizations due to HFRS occur in Eurasia, while a total of ϳ3,500 HCPS cases have been recorded since 1993 (4). In Europe, the most common cause of HFRS (up to 10,000 cases per annum) is PUUV that circulates in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (5). The symptoms of PUUV infection, nephropathia epidemica (NE, a mild form of HFRS), include abrupt fever, followed by headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and signs of renal insufficiency; somnolence and visual disturbances are common, and pulmonary, cardiac, and central nervous system symptoms have also been recorded. The incubation period is 2 to 6 weeks (5-8). Hantavirus infection induces a strong humoral IgM and IgG antibody response against the structural proteins, particularly the nucleocapsid (N) protein in the acute phase. Laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus disease is based on the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies, usually by immunochromatography (IgM), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with recombinant N as the antigen, or immunofluorescence assay (IFA) based on acetone-fixed infected cells (9-11).Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been applied widely in biomedical research (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and our goal is to harness the phenomenon for infectious disease serodiagnostics. In FRET, an excited donor fluorophore transfers its energy to an acceptor fluorophore in close proximity (Ͻ10 nm). Time-resolved FRET (TR-FRET) utilizes the long fluorescence emission half-lives of lanthanides and enables background-free measurement from biological materials. We recently introduced two different principles utilizing TR-FRET for antibody detection. The first approach is based on binding of an immunoglobulin molecule to its antigens labeled distinctly with donor and acceptor fluorophores, giving rise to a FRET signal in a homogenous (wash-free) assay format (12). The second approach is based on binding of an immunoglobulin molecule to its antigen and protein L (a bacterial protein targeting the Ig kappa light chain) labeled distinctly with fluorophores forming a FRET pair (20). The emitted TR-FRET signal is proportional to the amount of specific immunoglobulin. Here, using recombinant full-length N protein of PUUV (PUUV-N), we showed that the protein...