Nephrolithiasis in children

Abstract

A metabolic etiology is the most common cause for pediatric kidney stones. Appropriate evaluation of affected children should include assessment of stone type, if available, and assessment of predisposing factors in all cases. This review discusses the metabolic disorders that lead to nephrolithiasis with respect to the development of calcium, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Environmental and hereditary factors are summarized to provide a guide in the evaluation of pediatric stone formers.

The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Turkish infants with urolithiasis

“…6 This study found that 38.5% of the infants with urolithiasis have some metabolic abnormality, as follows: 20% had hypercalciuria, 9.6% had hypocitraturia, 6.7% had hyperuricosuria, and 1.9% had hyperoxaluria. By way of comparison, in infantile cases, hypercalciuria was detected in 48% in Baştug 's study, 1 25% in Gü ven's study, 2 and 30.8% in Alpay's study.…”

“…Factors leading to urolithiasis include metabolic abnormalities, genetics, nutrition, environment, and specific medicines. 6,7 Hypercalciuria is the most common metabolic abnormality. 2,8 Infantile urolithiasis represents 9-23% of all pediatric cases; approximately, 60% of infants have family history of stone disease.…”

Urolithiasis in Childhood: Review

“…15,20,24,52,53 Ancak üriner sistemin yapısal anomalileri olan hastalarda metabolik bozukluklar da (hiperokzalüri, hiperkalsiüri, hipositratüri) olabilir ve çalışmalarda bu çocukla-rın %66-80'inde metabolik anomaliler saptanmış-tır. 12,13,54,55 Bu nedenle yapısal anomalileri olan çocuklarda da tam bir metabolik değerlendirme yapılmalıdır.…”

“…Bazı çalışmalarda her iki cinste eşit oranda görüldüğü bildirilirken, bazılarında ise erkeklerde daha fazla görüldüğü belirtilmektedir. 6 Irk ve coğ-rafya, çocuklardaki taş olgularında prevalans ve etiyolojide önemlidir. Örneğin; Güneydoğu Asya, Orta Doğu, Hindistan ve Pakistan gibi dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde ürolitiyaz endemik iken, Afrikalı çocuklarda ürolitiyaza nadiren rastlanmaktadır.…”

Renal stones in children: Evaluation and medical management

“…Infectious stones (struvite stones -magnesium ammonium phosphate), previously accounted for a significant proportion of stones among European children 10 . However, as a result of improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of UTI in children over the past decades, the aetiology of renal stones in children has shifted from predominantly infectious to metabolic causes 11 with a predominance of calcium based stones 12 .…”