“…In socially monogamous and biparental species, deprivation of paternal care can result in reduced social recognition (Cao et al, 2014), altered development of play behavior , impaired pair-bonding , and increased anxiety-like behavior (Jia et al, 2009). These behavioral impairments are associated with paternal deprivation-induced neurobiological changes, including sex-specific effects on dopamine receptor gene expression in the nucleus accumbens , reductions in oxytocin receptor and ER alpha (ERa) levels (Cao et al, 2014), altered development of neuroendocrine pathways involved in the response to stress (Seidel et al, 2011), and reduced neuronal complexity (Braun et al, 2013;Pinkernelle et al, 2009). In the biparental California mouse, paternal behavior has been shown to alter the development of neural systems involved in aggression, with implications for variation in paternal behavior in male offspring (Frazier et al, 2006;Gleason and Marler, 2013).…”